Download Explain and enumerate the different classifications

1) Explain the process of pulmonary and systemic
circulations pathway of blood flow through the heart.
Ans
2) Explain and enumerate the different classifications of
cardiovascular disease
?
1) Conduction disorders(Dysthymias)
 Supraventricular rhythms
 Ventricular dysrhythmias
 Atrioventricular conduction block
 Ventricular conduction block
2) myocardial disorders(coronary heart disease)
 Angina pectoris
 Acute myocardial infection
 Sudden cardiac death
3) structural disorder
 Valvular heart disease
 Cardiomyopathy
 Infection disorder
3. Give the pathophysiology, sign and symptoms, and nursing
care for the following disorder
Inflammatory Hear
?
Pathophysiology
Sign/symptom
Nursing care
Disease
Rheumatic fever/
-Rheumatic fever
-Fever
Example: Diet
rheumatic heart disease
occurs equally in
-Painful and tender
-No specific dietary
both sexes and at
joints
recommendation exists.
all ages, but it is
-Red, hot or swollen
CHF may require salt
more common in
joints
restriction.
children with the
-Small, painless
Activity
peak incidence
bumps (nodules)
-Bed rest is a time-
occurring between
beneath the skin
honored part of ARF
Endocarditis
ages 5 and 15
-Chest pain
therapy and is especially
years.
-Heart murmur
important in those with
-Fatigue
carditis and other.
Abstract
-Fever and chills
-Monitor vital sign hourly if
-Infective
-Fatigue
Patient condition unstable.
endocarditis (IE) is
-Aching joints and
-Monitor central venous
an uncommon
muscles
pressure if central line
infection, occurring
-Night sweats
present.
as a complication in
-Shortness of breath
-Monitor intake output
varying
-Paleness
hourly.
percentages of
-Persistent cough
-Monitor weight daily.
bacteremic
-Swelling in your
-Assess neurological
episodes. The
feet, legs or
status hourly.
ability of an
abdomen
organism to cause
-Unexplained weight
endocarditis is the
loss.
result of an
interplay between
the predisposing
structural
abnormalities of the
cardiac valve for
bacterial
adherence.
Myocarditis
1) direct invasion to
-Shortness of breath
-Give a comfortable
the infarction.
during exercise,
position (semi-fowler
2) Process
-Fatigue,
position).
immunologically
Palpitations light
-Give O2 supplement and
against infarction.
headedness,
ensure saturation ˃90%.
3) Remove the
-Irregular heartbeat,
-Give drugs as indicated
toxins that damage
Sudden loss of
(Aspirin, Steroids).
the myocardium.
consciousness,
-Give anti pyretic drug if
-Fever
fever present.
-Bluish or Grayish
discoloration of the
skin.
-Fluid retention with
swelling.
Pericarditis
- The pericardium
-Sharp, piercing
Abstract
consists of a 2-
chest pain over the
-Nursing care of the
layered pliable, fibro center or left side of
patient with pericarditis, a
serous sac that
the chest
commonly seen syndrome
covers the surface
-Shortness of breath
in the clinical setting, is
of the heart. The
when reclining
discussed in this article.
inner layer, the
-Heart palpitations
Pericarditis is particularly
visceral
Low-grade fever
prevalent in the patient
pericardium, is
-An overall sense of
following myocardial
adherent to the
weakness, fatigue or
infarction.
myocardium.
feeling sick
-Cough
-Abdominal or leg
swelling
Valvular heart
Pathophysiology
Sign/symptom
Nursing care
disease
Mitral stenosis
-The normal area of the
-Heart failure
-Before giving penicillin, ask
mitral valve orifice is
-Palpitations
the patient if she’s ever had
about 4 to 6 cm2. In
-Chest pain
a hypersensitivity reaction to
normal cardiac
physiology, the mitral
valve opens during left
-Hemoptysis
-Thromboembolism
the drug.
-Assist the patient with
bathing as necessary.
ventricular diastole, to
-Allow the patient to express
allow blood to flow from
his concerns over being
the left atrium to the left
unable to meet her
ventricle.
responsibilities because of
activity restrictions.
-Place the patient in an
upright position to relieve
dyspnea, if needed.
Mitral regurgitation
-MR can be caused
-Dyspnea
-Assess mental status
by organic disease
-Fatigue
(Restlessness, severe
(eg, rheumatic fever,
-Orthopnea
anxiety and confusion).
ruptured chordae
-Pulmonary edema
-Check vital signs (heart
tendineae,
(often the initial
rate and blood pressure).
myxomatous
manifestation)
-Assess heart sounds,
degeneration, leaflet
perforation) or a
functional
abnormality.
noting gallops, S3, S4.
Mitral Valve Prolapse
-In mitral valve
-fatigue,
-If dysrhythmias are
prolapse, a portion of
shortness of breath
documented and cause
a mitral valve leaflet
-light-headedness
symptoms, the patient is
balloons back into the -dizziness
atrium during systole.
-syncope
Rarely, the ballooning -palpitations
Aortic stenosis
stretches the leaflet
-chest pain and
to the point that the
anxiety
advised to eliminate caffeine
and alcohol from the diet and
to stop smoking; antiarrhythmic medications may
be prescribed.
-Chest pain that does not
valve does not
respond to nitrates may
remain closed during
respond to calcium channel
systole.
blockers or beta-blockers.
-Describe the
-Breathlessness
-Assist the patient in
pathophysiology of
-Chest pain (angina),
bathing, if necessary
aortic stenosis
pressure or tightness
-Offer diversional activities
-Fainting, also called
that are physically
-Identify clinical
syncope
undemanding.
manifestations of
-Palpitations or a
-Alternate periods of rest
aortic stenosis
feeling of heavy
to prevent extreme fatigue
-Decline in activity
and dyspnea.
-Discuss medical and
nursing managemen
level
Aortic regurgitation
Tricuspid stenosis
-Incompetent closure
-weakness, fainting,
-you have a fever.
of the aortic valve can or swollen ankles and
-You feel more tired than
result from intrinsic
feet.
usual.
disease of the
-chest pain
-You are more short of
leaflets, cusp,
-fatigue
breath than usual when
diseases of the aorta,
you exercise or lie down
or trauma. Diastolic
You cough more than
reflux through the
usual, especially when
aortic valve can lead
you lie down.
to left ventricular
-You are pregnant or think
volume overload.
you are pregnant.
-Tricuspid stenosis
-tired and lethargic
-Assess mental status
results from
-fragility
(Restlessness, severe
alterations in the
-a quivering feeling in
anxiety and confusion).
structure of the
the neck
-Check vital signs (heart
tricuspid valve that
-a rapid, irregular
rate and blood pressure).
precipitate
heartbeat called a
-Assess heart sounds,
inadequate excursion
palpitation, or both.
noting gallops, S3, S4.
of the valve leaflets.
-pain in the upper
The most common
right part of their
etiology is rheumatic
abdomen which may
fever, and tricuspid
be caused by an
valve involvement
enlarged, congested
occurs universally
liver.
with mitral and aortic
valve involvement.
Tricuspid
regurgitation
Abstract
-Shortness
-Assess mental status
-Tricuspid regurgitation
-Weakness or
(Restlessness, severe
(TR) is one of the most
dizziness,
anxiety and confusion).
commonly encountered
-Wheezing and heavy
-Check vital signs (heart
valvular problems in
coughing,
rate and blood pressure).
clinical practice.
-Physical exertion,
-Assess heart sounds,
Although diagnosed
-Palpitations mild -
noting gallops, S3, S4.
easily with
chest pain,
echocardiography, it
-Fever,
contributes to significant -Rapid weight gain,
mortality and morbidity
-Swelling of the
when severe.
ankles, feet or
abdomen
pulmonic stenosis
-PS can be due to
-Heart murmur
-Cath lab interventional
isolated valvular (90%),
-Shortness of breath,
procedure.
subvalvular, or
especially during
-Surgical repair.
peripheral
exertion
-Ventilator.
(supravalvular)
-Chest pain
-Intravenous (IV)
obstruction, or it may be
-Loss of
catheters.
found in association
consciousness
-Arterial line.
with more complicated
(fainting)
-Nasogastric (NG) tube.
congenital heart
-Fatigue
-Urinary catheter.
disorders.
Pulmonic
-Incompetence of the
-Fatigue
-In addition, stay alert for
regurgitation
pulmonic valve occurs
shortness of breath,
conditions that can impair
by 1 of 3 basic
especially during
O2 delivery, such as
pathologic processes:
exertion
elevated temperature,
dilatation of the
-chest pain
anemia, impaired cardiac
pulmonic valve ring
-palpitations
output, acidosis, and
-enlarged liver
sepsis.
-fainting with exercise
-exercise intolerance