Download Oscillators

1
Objectives
• Define the basic oscillator circuit
• Identify elements of feedback in the oscillator
• Identify the conditions for oscillation to occur
• Identify input and output characteristics
• Identify common uses of the oscillator
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
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Word Wall
• Oscillation: an effect that repeatedly and regularly
fluctuates about a mean value
• Oscillator: circuit that produces oscillation
• Characteristics: frequency, amplitude, distortion,
wave-shape, stability
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Oscillator
In our daily life
– Digital watches, Invertors, Radios , T.V, Computers, Fans, Metal
Detectors, Electronic Bells and lots more
Pendulum of a clock.
– If you push on a pendulum to start it swinging, it will oscillate at
some frequency - it will swing back and forth a certain number
of times per second.
– The length of the pendulum controls the frequency.
– In pendulum potential energy is converted in kinetic energy
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Overview of the Oscillator
• One of the basic building blocks of electronics
• Input is a direct current (DC) power source
• Output is alternating current (AC)
• Can generate sub-audible frequencies or very high
frequencies
• Most oscillators are amplifiers with feedback
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Amplifiers as Oscillators?
• Most amplifiers will oscillate when conditions are correct
Example: Too high of a volume on public address system
= loud noise and squeals that are the result of acoustic
waves traveling from the speakers to the microphone
• The result is oscillation
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Electrical Feedback
• Practical oscillators use electrical feedback to produce
oscillation
• Feedback circuits use resistors, capacitors, coils, or
transformers to connect a portion of the output signal back to
the input of the amplifier
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Feedback and Amplifier Gain
Conditions for Oscillation
 Feedback alone does not promise oscillation
 There is always some loss in the feedback circuit
 Amplifier gain must be greater than this loss
 Feedback must be in-phase
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In-phase Feedback
• In-phase feedback is also called regenerative feedback
or positive feedback
• When the original amplifier input and output signals are not
in-phase, the feedback circuit is used to reverse the phase
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Input Characteristics
• Steady source of direct current (DC)
• In many applications, the DC source requires a filter
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Output Characteristics
• Amplitude
• Frequency
• Waveform type
• Stability
• On some oscillators, the capability to change frequency
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Oscillator Amplitude
• Usually determined by the gain available from the
amplifier
• Supply voltage and circuit losses affect amplitude
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Oscillator Frequency
• Frequency of operation is normally determined by the
feedback circuit
• Common feedback circuits used to determine oscillator
frequency include:
– crystals
– resistor and capacitor networks (RC)
– coil and capacitor networks (LC) {tank circuit}
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Waveform Type
• Generally, determined by:
– Feedback circuitry
– Output filter circuitry
– Amplifier gain, or
– Changes to input voltage
• May be sinusoidal (sine wave), square wave, or triangular
wave
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Oscillator Stability
• Sometimes referred to as a stable oscillator
• Source of a signal with consistent amplitude
• Source of a signal with consistent frequency
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Ability to Change Frequency
• Oscillators sometimes have the ability to change
frequencies
• Crystal oscillator frequency is controlled by changing the
crystal
– Crystals are usually cut from quartz to generate a
specified frequency when operating
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Typical Uses of the Oscillator
• Radio and
television stations
require oscillators
to develop the
basic signal to
transmit their
information
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Typical Uses of the Oscillator
• Cell
phones, electronic
keyboards,
and remote
controls use oscillators to
produce
the required
frequencies for operation
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Typical Uses of the Oscillator
• Digital
devices
such as
computers, watches,
calculators, and iPods all
oscillators to
require
generate
the rectangular
waveform
required for
operation
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Typical Uses of the Oscillator
• Variable oscillators, known
as signal generators, are
to generate
used
frequencies and waveforms
needed for troubleshooting
and the testing of electronic
equipment
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Need of an Oscillator
• An oscillator circuit is capable of producing ac voltage of
desired frequency and waveshape.
• To test performance of electronic circuits, it is called
signal generator.
• It can produce square, pulse, triangular, or sawtooth
waveshape.
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Need of an Oscillator
• High frequency oscillator are used in broadcasting.
• Microwave oven uses an oscillator.
• Used for induction heating and dielectric heating.
• Oscillators are circuits
that generate periodic
signals.
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Need of an Oscillator
• An oscillator converts DC power from power supply to AC
signals power spontaneously – without the need for an AC
input source (Note: Amplifiers convert DC power into AC
output power only if an external AC input signal is present.)
• There are several approaches to design of oscillator circuits.
The approach to be discussed is related to the feedback
using amplifiers.
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Need of an Oscillator
• A frequency-selective feedback path around an
amplifier is placed to return part of the output signal
to the amplifier input, which results in a circuit called
a linear oscillator that produces an approximately
sinusoidal output.
• Under proper conditions, the signal returned by the feedback
network has exactly the correct amplitude and phase needed to
sustain the output signal.
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Types of Oscillators
•
Sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal.
•
An oscillator generating square wave or a pulse
train is called multivibrator :
1. Bistable multivibrator (Flip-Flop Circuit).
2. Monostable multivibrator.
3. Astable multivibrator (Free-running).
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Types of Oscillators
•
Depending upon type of feedback, we have
1.
Tuned Circuit (LC) oscillators.
2.
RC oscillators, and
3.
Crystal oscillators.
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Using Positive Feedback
The gain with positive feedback is given as
• By making 1 – Aβ = 0, or Aβ = 1, we get gain as infinity.
• This condition (Aβ = 1) is known as Barkhausen Criterion of oscillations.
• It means you get output without any input !
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How is it Possible ?
• Connecting point x to y, feedback voltage drives
the amplifier.
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How is it Possible ?
• What happens to the output ?
• There are three possibilities.
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Basic principles for oscillation
• An oscillator is an amplifier with positive feedback.
Ve  Vs  Vf (1)
Vf  βVo (2)


Vo  AVe  A Vs  V  AVs  βVo 
f
(3)
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Basic principles for oscillation

Vo  AV e  A Vs  Vf
Vo  AVs  Aββ o
• The closed loop gain is:
 A Vs  βVo 
1  Aβ Vo  AVs
Vo
A
Af 

Vs 1  Aβ 
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Basic principles for oscillation
• In general A and  are functions of frequency and thus
may be written as;
Vo
As 
A f s  
s 
Vs
1  As βs

• is known as loop gain

As βs 
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(1) If Aβ < 1, we get decaying of damped oscillations.
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(2) If Aβ > 1, we get growing oscillations.
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(3) If Aβ = 1, we get sustained oscillations. In this
case, the circuit supplies its own input signal.
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Wherefrom comes the starting voltage ?
● Each resistor is a noise generator.
● The feedback network is a resonant circuit giving
maximum feedback voltage at frequency f0, providing
phase shift of 0° only at this frequency.
● The initial loop gain Aβ > 1.
● The oscillations build up only at this frequency.
● After the desired output is reached, Aβ reduces to unity.
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Tank Circuit
• LC parallel circuit is called
tank circuit.
• Once excited, it oscillates
at
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Tank Circuit
The energy keeps oscillating between electric
potential energy and magnetic filed energy.
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“OscillatorsarethecircuitswhichcovertsDC
VoltagefrombatterytoACVoltage”
– Without excitation input signal
A simple example
If you charge up the capacitor with
a battery and then insert the
inductor into the circuit, here's
what will happen
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“OscillatorsarethecircuitswhichcovertsDC
VoltagefrombatterytoACVoltage”
• The capacitor will start to discharge through the
inductor. As it does, the inductor will create a
magnetic field
• Once the capacitor discharges, the inductor will try to
keep the current in the circuit moving, so it will
charge up the other plate of the capacitor.
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“OscillatorsarethecircuitswhichcovertsDC
VoltagefrombatterytoACVoltage”
• Once the inductor's field collapses, the capacitor has
been recharged (but with the opposite polarity), so it
discharges again through the inductor
• Frequency will depend upon L and C
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Tank Circuit
• When the tank circuit resonates, the circulating current
flows through L1 in series with L2. Hence the equivalent
inductance is
The feedback factor is
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Damped oscillations are produced.
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LC Oscillators
• Hartley oscillator.
• Colpitts oscillator.
• Clapp oscillator.
• Franklin oscillator
• Tuned Collector oscillator.
• Armstrong oscillator.
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General Form of LC Oscillators
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General Form of LC Oscillators - Description
• Amplifier –any active device EX:Vacuum
tube,Transistor,FET,Op-amp
• Z1,z2,z3 –determine the frequency of oscillation
• Z1,z2 serve as ac voltage divider for the output voltage
and feedback signal voltage across z1-feedback signal.
• 1,3 –input terminals.
• 2,3-output terminals.
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General Form of LC Oscillators
Z’=z1 II h ie =
ZL =z’ +z3 II z2
Z L = II z2
Z L = + II
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General Form of LC Oscillators
Vo = - I1(Z1+Z3) = -I1
vf =- I1 Z1 = - I1
vf=
β ==
Av = ZL
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General Form of LC Oscillators
Av β =1
=1
General Equation of LC Oscillator:
hie (z1+z2+z3) +z1z2 (1+hfe)z1z3 =0
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Hartley Oscillator
• Note that in the collector-tuned circuit, two inductor
coils are used.
• One end of these coils is grounded.
•
If we make the tickler coil an integral part of the circuit, we get Hartley Oscillator.
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Hartley Oscillator
• LC oscillator
• Two inductive reactances
• One capacitive reactance in its feedback network.
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Hartley Oscillator
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Circuit Description
Amplifierstage:
1.Transistor –Active device in Common emitter
Configuration.
2.R1 and R2 biasing resistors.
3.RE-Biasing emitter resistance
4.CE-Emitter bypass capacitors.
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Circuit Description
5.CC1 & CC2 are the coupling capacitors.
6.RFC-Radio frequency Choke(isolation b/w A.C & D.C)
Reactance value very high for high
frequencies.(open circuit)
Reactance value zero for D.C.Conditions.
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Derivation of frequency of oscillation
Z1 =jwL1+jwM
z2 = jwL2 +jwM
z3=
General Equation of LC Oscillator:
hie (z1+z2+z3) +z1z2 (1+hfe)z1z3 =0
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Derivation of frequency of oscillation
hie ( jwL1+ jwM+ jwL2 + jwM - )+
jwhie (L1 + L2 +2M – ) –(W2
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Derivation of frequency of oscillation
Equating Imaginary part = 0
L1+L2+2M =
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Derivation of frequency of oscillation
Equating Real part = 0
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Derivation of frequency of oscillation
hfe L2 + hfe M –L1 –M = 0
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Colpitts Oscillator
• An excellent circuit.
• LC Oscillator
• Two Capacitive Reactance
• One Inductive Reactance In The Feedback Network.
• Same As A Hartley Oscillator Except The Tank Circuit.
• Widely used in commercial signal generators.
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Colpitts Oscillator
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Its AC Equivalent
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Circuit Description
Amplifierstage:
1.Transistor –Active device in Common emitter
Configuration.
2.R1 and R2 biasing resistors.
3.RE-Biasing emitter resistance
4.CE-Emitter bypass capacitors.
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Circuit Description
5.CC1 & CC2 are the coupling capacitors.
6.RFC-Radio frequency Choke(isolation b/w A.C & D.C)
 Reactance value very high for high frequencies.(open
circuit)
 Reactance value zero for D.C.Conditions.
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DERIVATION OF FREQUENCY OF OSCILLATION
Z1 =
Z2 =
Z3 = jwL
• General Equation of LC Oscillator:
hie (z1+z2+z3 ) +z1z2 (1+hfe)z1z3 =0
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DERIVATION OF FREQUENCY OF OSCILLATION
• General Equation of LC Oscillator:
hie (z1+z2+z3 ) +z1z2 (1+hfe)z1z3 =0
hie ( + = 0
j hie ( + -wL ) +( –
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DERIVATION OF FREQUENCY OF OSCILLATION
• Equating Imaginary part = 0
+ = wL
=wL
=w2 L
w2 =
fr =
=
fr =
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DERIVATION OF FREQUENCY OF OSCILLATION
• Equating Real part = 0
=
= =c2 L
hfe = - 1
= w2c2L
1+hfe =
hfe =
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Solution :
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CLAPP OSCILLATOR
• To Achieve Frequency Stability Colpitts Oscillator Circuit
Slightly Changed-clapp Osc
• Addition Of One More Capacitor C3 Is Introduced In
Series With The Inductance.
KEY POINT:
• C3 Much More Smaller Than C1 And C2.
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CLAPP OSCILLATOR - CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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Circuit Description
Amplifierstage:
1.Transistor –Active device in Common emitter
Configuration.
2.R1 and R2 biasing resistors.
3.RE-Biasing emitter resistance
4.CE-Emitter bypass capacitors.
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Circuit Description
5.CC1 & CC2 are the coupling capacitors.
6.RFC-Radio frequency Choke(isolation b/w A.C & D.C)
 Reactance value very high for high frequencies.(open
circuit)
 Reactance value zero for D.C.Conditions.
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Derivation of frequency of oscillation
• Provides improved stability
• Permits capacitive tuning of the oscillator if C3 is variable.
1
fr 
2
1
Lc3
1
fr 
2 L(
c1c2c3
)
c1c2  c1c3  c2c3
c1c2
c3 
c1 c2
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ADVANTAGES of Colpitts oscillation
• The frequency is stable and accurate.
• The good frequency stability.
• The stray capacitances have no effect on C3 which
decides the frequency.
• Keeping C3 variable, frequency can be varied in the
desired range.
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Franklin oscillator
• Two Transistor Stages With Some Common Terminal(emitter)
• Each Stage Provides 180 Phase Shift
• Both Stages Provides Amplification As Well As Phase
Inversion
• The Resonating Circuit Is Isolated From Active Device Path By
C1 And C2.
• Resonating Circuit Isolated From Input Of First Stage And
Output Of Second Stage.
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Franklin oscillator
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SERIES RESONATING CIRCUIT
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PRACTICAL FRANKLIN OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT
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Franklin oscillator - CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
• Parallel Resonating Circuit Formed By L And C.
• Rb Coupling Resistance
• Rf Feedback Resistance.
• Attenuation Caused By These Two Decides Loop Gain
• Parallel Resonating Is Most Popular Than Series
Resonating Circuit.
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DERIVATION OF FREQUENCY OF OSCILLATION
1
YL 
Rs  jLs
Yc  jc
Rs  jLs
YT  2
 j C
2
2
Rs   Ls
YT  YL  YC
Rs  jLs
YT  2
 j C
2
2
Rs   Ls
Rs
jLs
YT  2
 2
 jC
2
2
2
2
Rs   Ls
Rs   Ls
=
1
 j C
Rs  jLs
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DERIVATION OF FREQUENCY OF OSCILLATION
• Equate Imaginary Part to zero:
 Ls
 C  0
2
2
2
Rs   Ls
Ls 2 2 

Ls
 Rs 2
c
Rs2
1
 2
LsC Ls
Ls
 Rs 2   2 Ls 2
c
1
Rs 2
 
 2
LsC Ls
2
2
1
1
Rs
(
f 
 2)
LsC Ls
2
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DERIVATION OF FREQUENCY OF OSCILLATION
f 
1
2
LsC
Rs 2

2
Ls
1
• The impedance at resonance condition is
determined from the real part.
1
zr 
Yr
Rs 2   2 Ls 2
 2 Ls2
1
zr 
 Rs 

Yr
Rs
Rs
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DERIVATION OF FREQUENCY OF OSCILLATION
• Substituting value  2
Ls
zr 
CRs
Rs 2
Ls 1
zr  Rs 
(
 2 )
Rs LsC Ls
Ls
zr  Rs 
 Rs
CRs
Ls
zr 
CRs
2
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FREQUENCY RANGE
• 100MHZ TO 3 GHZ
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APPLICATION
• RF Oscillator
• Precision Frequency Meter-used For The Measurement Of
Frequency
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ARMSTRONG OSCILLATOR
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TICKLER OSCILLATOR
• Small Secondary Winding Is Called Tickler Coil.
• Hence Another Name Tickler Oscillator.
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CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
• LC Oscillator.
• Employs Transformer Action.
• Primary Acts As A Inductor(L)
• Voltage Across The Secondary Used As A Feedback.
• Biasing Point Selected By R1,R2,RE.
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CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
• C1 And C2 Coupling Capacitors.
• C3 Emitter Bypass Capacitor.
• Feedback Signal Applied To The Base.(Q)
• Transformer 180 Phase Shift .Transistor Q 180
Phaseshift.
• Overall Phase Shift 360 Satisfies Barkhausen
Criterion.
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FREQUENCY OF OSCILLATION
• The Sustained Oscillation Depends On Inductance(l) And
Capacitance(C)
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DRAWBACKS
• Rarely Used.
• Compared To Other LC Oscillator.
• Transformer Used
• Circuit Costlier And Bulkier.
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TUNED COLLECTOR OSCILLATOR
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WHY?
• The Tuned Circuit Is Placed In The Collector Of The
Transistor.
• Hence Called Tuned Collector Oscillator.
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CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
• LC Oscillator.
• Employs Transformer Action.
• Primary Acts As A Inductor(L)
• Voltage Across The Secondary Used As A Feedback.
• Biasing Point Selected By R1,R2,RE.
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CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
• Collector Drives The LC Resonating Circuit.
• Feedback Signal Induced From The Primary Applied To The
Base.(Q)
• Transformer 180 Phase Shift .Transistor Q 180 Phaseshift.
• Overall Phase Shift 360 Satisfies Barkhausen
Criterion.
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FREQUENCY OF OSCILLATION
• The Sustained Oscillation Depends On Inductance(l) And
Capacitance(C)
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DRAWBACKS
• Rarely Used.
• Compared To Other LC Oscillator.
• Transformer Used
• Circuit Costlier And Bulkier.
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RC Oscillators
•
Three types :
1. RC Phase shift Oscillator.
2. Wein Bridge Oscillator.
3. Twin T Oscillator.
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2
TRANSISTORIZED RC FEEDBACK NETWORK
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RC FEEDBACK NETWORK
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Derivation for RC phase shift oscillator.
Let c1 =c2=c3=c
R1=R2=R
R3+(Rth II Rin’)=R
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Derivation for RC phase shift oscillator.
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Derivation for RC phase shift oscillator.
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Derivation for RC phase shift oscillator.
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Derivation for RC phase shift oscillator.
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Derivation for RC phase shift oscillator.
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0
Advantages and Disadvantages of RC oscillator
Advantages
Disadvantages
• Doesn ’ t require any • Fixed frequency oscillator.
bulky
and expensive
inductors.
• Only one frequency fulfill
barkhausen criterion .
• Pure sine wave output is
possible.
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Solution :
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WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
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WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
Z S  R  ZC  R 
1

1 sRC
sC
sC
1
1 1  1

   sC 
Z P  R ZC   

 R ZC   R

1
R
1 sCR
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
11
5
WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
Input Loading
1 1 
Z1  Z P Z S   

 ZP Z S 
1

sC 
R1 sCR
1  sCR
 R  1  sCR   sCR  (1  sCR)2
1
Output Loading
Z2  ZS  R  ZC 
1 sRC
sC
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
11
6
Amplifier Gain
Ar 
V 0 V 0 Vi

IS
Vi I S
To
get
V0
, we use
Vi
Vi  V   V   I 1 R1 
V0 R1  R 2

Vi
R1
Since
 1
I   0,
I1  I 2 
Vo
R1  R 2
and
Vo
R1 so
R1  R 2
R2
R1
Vi
 Z 1 and
IS
V 0 Vi
R 

 Z 1  1  2 
Vi I S
R1 

R 1  sCR 
where Z 1 
sCR  (1  sCR ) 2
Ar 
so

R 
R 1 sCR 
Ar  1  2 
R1  sCR  (1  sCR ) 2

Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
11
7
Feedback factor
f 

Xf
Xo

If
Vo

1
ZS
sC
1 sRC
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
11
8
Oscillation Condition
Phase
of  f A r equal to 180 o . It already
Then
need

R 
is since
 f Ar  0.
sCR
 f A r   1  2 
1
R1  sCR  (1  sCR ) 2

only
Rewriting

 f Ar   1 

R2 
sCR

R1  sCR  (1  sCR ) 2

sCR
R 
 1 2 
R

1

2
sCR  s 2 C 2 R 2
sCR
1 

R 
sCR


R
  1  2 
  1  2
2
2
2
R1  1  3 sCR  s C R
R1





R 
1
 1  2 
1
R
1  3  j   CR 


 CR

Then imaginary
term  0 at
1
  o 
RC
Then, we can get



the

1


 3  1  sCR
sCR
oscillatio n frequency
 f Ar  1 by selecting
the resistors
R1 and
R2
appropriat ely using

R 1
1  2   1

R1  3

or
R2
 2
R1
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
11
9
Loop gain
sC 

 Ar
1

sCR


 f Ar   
sC  R2 
R1  sCR

 
1  
R1  sCR  (1 sCR) 2
 1  sCR 
 R 
sCR
 1  2 
R1  sCR  (1 sCR) 2

Gain with feedback is
Arf 
Ar
1   f Ar
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
12
0
Advantages and Disadvantages of wien bridge oscillator
Advantages
Disadvantages
• It uses both positive and • More
negative
feedback, it
provides
better stability
and high over all gain.
• Frequency can be easily
components used
costlier.
• It cant generate very high
frequency.
adjusted by varying R or C
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
12
1
TWIN T OSCILLATOR
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
12
2
Crystal Oscillator
• The Piezoelectric Effect Quartz exhibits piezoelectric effect.
– When a changing mechanical stress is applied across the
crystal to cause it to vibrate, a voltage develops at the
frequency of mechanical vibration.
– Conversely, whenanacvoltageisappliedacrossthecrystal,it
vibratesatthefrequencyoftheappliedvoltage.Thegreatest
vibrationoccursatthecrystal'snaturalresonantfrequency.
– Which is determined by the physical dimensions and by the way
the crystal is cut.
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
12
3
Crystal Oscillator
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
12
4
Crystal Oscillator
• From equivalent circuit it is clear that it consists of series
as well as parallel resonant circuit
• At series resonance inductive reactance is equal to
capacitive reactance Cs
• At parallel resonance inductive reactance is equal to
capacitive reactance Cm
• So,crystal can be used in hartley or colpitts oscillator in
place of the tank circuit
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
12
5
Crystal Oscillator
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
12
6
Crystal Oscillator
• Used when accuracy and stability of fo is utmost
important.
• Where do you need such high stability of frequency of
oscillations ?
• Instead of an inductor, it uses a crystal of quartz,
tourmaline, or Rochelle salt.
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
12
7
Crystal Oscillator
• Piezoelectric effect.
• The crystal is suitably cut and then mounted between
two metallic plates.
• The fundamental frequency is given as
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
12
8
Crystal Oscillator
Cm (mounting capacitance) = 3.5 pF;
Cs = 0.0235 pF; L = 137 H; R = 15 kΩ
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
12
9
Crystal Oscillator
• Crystals have incredibly high Q.
• For the given values, Q = 5500.
• Q as high as 100 000 can be possible.
• An LC circuit has Q not greater than 100.
• The extremely high value of Q makes fo highly
stable.
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
13
0
Crystal Oscillator
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
13
1
Series and Parallel Resonance
• First, resonance occurs at fs for the series combination of
L and Cs.
• Above fs the series branch LCsR has inductive reactance.
• It then resonates at fp , with Cm.
• For this parallel resonance, equivalent series
capacitance is Cp.
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
13
2
Crystal Oscillator
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
13
3
Crystal Oscillator
• Normally, Cs is much smaller than Cm.
• Therefore, Cp is slightly less than Cs.
• Hence, the frequency fp is slightly greater than fs.
• The crystal is inductive only between the frequencies fs
and fp.
• The frequency of oscillation must lie between these
frequencies.
• Hence the stability.
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
13
4
The fo is between 411 kHz and 412 kHz.
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
13
5
Pierce Oscillator
• If we assume that the current through C1,2 is larger than
the collector current (high Q), then we see that the same
current flows through both capacitors. The voltage at the
input and output is therefore
vo  I1
1
jC1
vi   I1
1
jC2
vo
C
n 1
C2
vi
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
13
6
FACTORS AFFECTING THE FREQUENCY STABILITY
• Change in temperature affects –component values of the
tank circuit.
• Change in temperature affects active device parametres
inturn affect the frequency.
• Variation in the power supply the another factor affecting
the frequency.
• Changes in the load connected affect the effective
resistance of the tank circuit.
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
13
7
MODIFICATIONS FOR FREQUENCY STABILITY
• Enclosing the circuit in a constant temperature chamber.
• Maintaining constant voltage by using the zener diodes.
• Load effect is reduced by coupling the oscillator to the
load loosely
• Circuit having high input impedance and low output
impedance.
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
13
8
Variation of frequency with temperature.FOR
FREQUENCY STABILITY
• It is denoted by ‘S’.
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
13
9
Review
• Need of an Oscillator.
• Types of Oscillators.
• Using Positive Feedback.
• Barkhausen Criterion of Oscillations.
• Starting Voltage .
• Tank Circuit.
• Tuned Collector Oscillator.
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
14
0
Review
• Hartley Oscillator.
• Colpitts Oscillator.
• RC Phase Shift Oscillator.
• Wien Bridge Oscillator.
• Crystal Oscillator.
• Series and Parallel
Resonance
Oscillators By S.M.Mehzabeen
14
1