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Simple Machines & Science Homework Name: ____________________________________ Digestive System Due Friday, December 9th Date: _________________ Period: __________ Part I: Force Recently, we learned about the skeletal and muscular systems, which work together to generate movement. More importantly, they work together to generate force. A force is anything that causes an object to change speed, change direction, or change shape. When you lift a cell phone to your ear, your muscles create the force needed to move the phone. When you throw a ball or kick a box on the floor, again your muscles are generating a force that causes the ball or box to change direction, speed, or shape. 1) What is force? A force is _____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. 2) Which image below does not show the application or use of force? A. Pushing boxes up a ramp B. Kicking a soccer ball C. Inflating a balloon D. Resting head on desk Part II: Work and Simple Machines Sometimes, a force is needed that is greater than what are muscles can provide. Therefore, humans created simple machines to help reduce (or lessen) the amount of force and work needed to move or change the shape objects. Visit the website below and complete the game to learn about 4 common simple machines. Copy the full definition for each simple machine and draw a picture of it. http://www.msichicago.org/fileadmin/Activities/Games/simple_machines/ You may also search Google using the words “Chicago simple machines” Machine Definition Sketch Ramp ________________________ ________________________ ______________________ Part III: Digestive System The digestive system is a collection of organs and structures that function to break down (or digest) food and absorb (or take up) nutrients. Nutrients are any element, molecule, or compound that our body cells need to survive. Digestion can happen two ways. The first is mechanical digestion where food is broken into smaller pieces. Your teeth perform this function by tearing and chopping food into smaller pieces. Chemical digestion uses acids and enzymes that break or rearrange the chemical bonds in your food. Mechanical digestion is like cutting a piece of paper, while chemical digestion is like burning it. 1. Using your own words, describe the difference between chemical and mechanical digestion. Mechanical digestion is like ____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________, but chemical digestion is like __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. Structure Function Mouth The teeth provide mechanical digestion by tearing and grinding the food into smaller pieces. Saliva contains enzymes that start chemical digestion. Esophagus Forces food down to the stomach using smooth muscle contractions known as peristalsis Liver Synthesizes (or makes) a fluid known as bile that helps the small intestine absorb fat (or lipids). Stomach Uses smooth muscles to turn and mix food with acid and enzymes that continue chemical digestion. Small Intestine (~ 23 feet long) Chemical digestion continues and nutrients like sugar, fats, and proteins diffuse (or pass into) the blood stream. Smooth muscles force the food through the small intestine. Large Intestine (~5 feet long) Absorbs water into the blood stream and temporarily stores undigested food (or waste). Smooth muscles force the undigested food through the large intestines. 1. Which structure in the digestive system performs mechanical digestion? a. Liver b. Mouth c. Large Intestine d. Pancreas 2. Which structure in the digestive system is filled with acid that chemically digests food? a. Small Intestine b. Esophagus c. Large Intestine d. Stomach 3. Which fluid is made by the liver and released into the small intestine to aid chemical digestion? a. Water b. Bile c. Acid d. Saliva 4. Which structure of the digestive system is responsible for absorbing nutrients into the blood? a. Small Intestine b. Large Intestine c. Stomach d. Liver 5. Which structure is responsible for absorbing water into the blood? a. Small Intestine b. Large Intestine c. Stomach d. Liver 6. What type of muscle helps move food through the digestive system? _____________________________________.
