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Transcript
PHY 2049 Chapter 26 Current and Resistance Chapter 26 Current and Resistance In this chapter we will introduce the following new concepts: -Electric current ( symbol i ) -Electric current density vector (symbol J ) -Drift speed (symbol vd ) -Resistance (symbol R ) and resistivity (symbol ρ ) of a conductor -Ohmic and non-Ohmic conductors We will also cover the following topics: -Ohm’s law -Power in electric circuits (26 - 1) Physical Resistors What Happens? “+” REMEMBER, THE ELECTRONS “+” ARE ACTUALLY MOVING THE “+” OTHER WAY! “+” What’s Moving? What is making the charged move?? Battery KEEP IN MIND A wire is a conductor We will assume that the conductor is essentially an equi-potential It really isn’t. Electrons are moving in a conductor if a current is flowing. This means that there must be an electric field in the conductor. This implies a difference in potential since E=DV/d We assume that the difference in potential is small and that it can often be neglected. In this chapter, we will consider this difference and what causes it. DEFINITION Current is the motion of POSITIVE CHARGE through a circuit. Physically, it is electrons that move but … Conducting material DQ, Dt Conducting material DQ, Dt CURRENT DQ i Dt or dq i dt (26 - 3) conductor v +q dq i dt i conductor v -q Current direction : An electric current is represented by an arrow which has i the same direction as the charge velocity. The sense of the current arrow is defined as follows: 1. If the current is due to the motion of positive charges the current arrow is parallel to the charge velocity v 2. If the current is due to the motion of negative charges the current arrow is antiparallel to the charge velocity v UNITS A current of one coulomb per second is defined as ONE AMPERE. ANOTHER DEFINITION current I J area A Drift speed When a current flows through a conductor the electric field causes the charges to move with a constant drift speed vd . This drift speed is superimposed on the random motion of the charges. J nvd e J nevd Consider the conductor of cross sectional area A shown in the figure. We assume that the current in the conductor consists of positive charges. The total charge q within a length L is given by: q nAL e. This charge moves through area A in a time t L q nALe . The current i nAvd e vd t L / vd The current density J i nAvd e nvd e A A In vector form: J nevd (26 - 5) i - + V R R V i Resistance If we apply a voltage V across a conductor (see figure) a current i will flow through the conductor. V We define the conductor resistance as the ratio R i V SI Unit for R : the Ohm (symbol ) A A conductor across which we apply a voltage V = 1 Volt and results in a current i = 1 Ampere is defined as having resistance of 1 Q : Why not use the symbol "O" instead of " " A : Suppose we had a 1000 resistor. We would then write: 1000 O which can easily be mistaken read as 10000 . A conductor whose function is to provide a specified resistance is known as a "resistor" The symbol is given to the left. (26 - 6) Ohm’s Law DV IR Graph DV IR Vb Va E l Ohm A particular object will resist the flow of current. It is found that for any conducting object, the current is proportional to the applied voltage. STATEMENT: DV=IR R is called the resistance of the object. An object that allows a current flow of one ampere when one volt is applied to it has a resistance of one OHM. i Resistivity E Unlike the electrostatic case, the electric field in the - + V J E E J conductor of the figure is not zero. We define as E resistivity of the conductor the ratio J In vector form: E J SI unit for ρ : E V/m V m m 2 A/m A The conductivity is defined as: 1 Using the previous equation takes the form: J E R L A Consider the conductor shown in the figure above. The electric field inside the V i conductor E . The current density J We substitute E and J into L A E V /L V A A L equation and get: R R J i/ A i L L A (26 -7) How can a current go through a resistor and generate heat (Power) without decreasing the current itself? Loses Energy Gets it back Exit Conductivity In metals, the bigger the electric field at a point, the bigger the current density. J E is the conductivity of the material. =(1/) is the resistivity of the material 0 1 (T T0 ) Range of and REMEMBER R L A DV IR Temperature Effect D DT 0 (1 DT ) A closed circuit Power In time Dt, a charge DQ is pushed through the resistor by the battery. The amount of work done by the battery is : DW VDQ Power : DW DQ V VI Dt Dt Power P IV I IR I 2 R 2 E P I 2 R IV R Pi R 2 V V2 P R If the device connected to the battery is a resistor R then the energy transfered by the battery is converted as heat that appears on R. If we combine the equation P iV V , we get the following two equivalent expressions for R the rate at which heat is dissipated on R. with Ohm's law: i Pi R 2 and V2 P R (26 - 13)