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Objectives • • • • • • • • • • • Identify and use the correct color light to maintain dark adaptation when stargazing. Observe and record the position of the sun at sunset. *Describe positions of stars, Moon, Sun on the sky using direction and altitude. *Measure altitudes using the fist method. Define and use horizon and zenith. Correctly hold and orient a star chart and use it to find stars and constellations. Practice star hopping to locate stars and constellations. *Explain why the date and time are included on star charts State the magnitude scale for stars. Given a star’s magnitude, identify if it is bright or faint. Identify the first four Greek letters. For what do astronomers use them? Define rotation and revolution as used by astronomers. Use them correctly when describing the motion of Earth, other planets, Sun and Moon. Star Gazing • Star Gazing techniques and tips: how to get the most out of looking up at the stars (slideshow on class website – mctcteach.org) • Show 2 flashcards to me. • Email me if you haven’t yet stating, “I found the class website and slideshows.” Details in the notes from last Tuesday. • If you haven’t given me a code to use for your grades on the class website, see Raquel. Sky Software • • • • • Starry Night College ($30) SkyX Stellarium (free) Celestia (free) Google Earth and Google Sky https://www.google.com/sky/ (free) Sky Phone Apps (all free) • • • • • • • Google Sky Star Chart or Sky Map Phases of the Moon Sunrise Sunset ISS Detector (International Space Station) NASA Lots of other star apps out there Positions in the sky - Direction • How can you find N, S, E, or W? Positions in the sky - Direction • How can you find N, S, E, or W? – Compass – Phone/GPS/Car – Map – North Star = Polaris Positions in the sky - Altitude • Horizon – intersection of Earth and sky – About eye level • Zenith – point in sky directly overhead – 90 degrees – Halfway: 45 degrees • Fist Method: Extended fist is ~10 degrees Exercise (Height of building from ground) Star Charts • Print current month of the Sky Map if you missed lecture: • http://skymaps.com/downloads.html • Finding N, S, E, W • Orienting the star chart – If you face N, hold N down on the chart, closest to you. From Star Chart to Sky • Note where constellation is on map (direction and altitude) • Use fist method to find it in sky • Examples – Polaris – Venus Star Hopping • Ursa Major to Ursa Minor (Polaris), use pointing stars • Ursa Major: arc to Arturus (in Bootes) • Cassiopeia: left V eats Polaris • Cassiopeia: right V points to Andromeda (only galaxy visible to the naked eye); then Andromeda curves to Great Square of Pegasus • Summer/Fall: Deneb (NE) to Altair (southern tip of Summer Triangle) points to bottom left of The Teapot handle • Winter/Spring: Orion’s belt, left to Sirius, right to Aldebaran (Taurus) and Pleiades Greek Letters on star charts • • • • • Brightest stars in that constellation Alpha ( α ) Beta ( β ) Gamma (γ ) Delta ( δ ) • Example: Deneb in Cygnus is Alpha Cygni Why is the TIME on the star chart? Why is the TIME on the star chart? • Earth’s Rotation… – Displays different constellations throughout the night • In the northern hemisphere, the stars appear to rotate around Polaris, the North Celestial Pole. Polaris, the North Star, with all of the stars moving around it. The star trails are from the Earth’s rotation. http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap091128.html Why is the DATE on the star chart? Why is the DATE on the star chart? • Earth’s Revolution... – Displays different constellations throughout the year Planisphere - North on front - South on back For more instructions about how to use a planisphere: http://astronomy.s ierracollege.edu/C ourses/Astronomy 02/Planisphere.ht m • 12 Constellations of the Zodiac seen throughout the year because of Earth’s revolution. • The zodiacal constellations are located along the Sun’s path on Earth (Ecliptic). • The Ecliptic is also the plane of Earth’s path around the Sun. http://lifeng.lamost.org/courses/astrotoday/CHAISSON/AT301/HTML/AT30103.HTM Apparent Visual Magnitude • Hipparchus – 1 (first magnitude) bright to eye – 2 (second magnitude) fainter – …6 (sixth magnitude) faintest to eye – 1st magnitude is 100 times brighter than the 6th magnitude – Originally based on Polaris (app. mag. = 2) – Now extended to negative numbers – Example: Sirius, brightest star in the sky has magnitude -1.5 Dark Adaptation In dark, eye pupil enlarges to let in more light. In sun, pupil shrinks to keep out light. Exercise with dim lights Dark Adaptation • When star gazing, eye pupil needs to open up (~15 minutes) • Eyes have cones and rods (photoreceptors) – Cones see color & adapt to darkness quickly – Rods take 10-30 minutes to adapt to darkness • Pupil shuts down quickly in response to white light but not to red light. • Therefore use red flashlights. Dark Adaptation 1. 2. 3. 4. Show red covered flashlights Turn lights off and use curtains Show colors displayed around the room Color differentiation disappears after 10 minutes (color is from cones) 5. About 15 minutes in, rods take over; no color and now see light trails (sparklers); laser demo Dark Adaptation Blind Spot • Little dipper & Polaris example http://www.optics4kids.org/getattachment/13cb7b00-117a-4e69-9d5d-35ad7d949199/OpticalIllusions.aspx Eye Blind Spot • Cross-dot demo of blind spot (draw on paper) http://www.optics4kids.org/getattachment/13cb7b00-117a-4e69-9d5d35ad7d949199/Optical-Illusions.aspx Observations • Star Gazing Observation (25 points) – Main Goal: See constellations in night sky • Telescope Observation (25 points) – Main Goal: Look at night sky through a telescope • Moon Craters Observation (10 points) • • • • – Main Goal: see Moon’s craters under magnification Until May 4th to complete Many Options for each of these 3 observations Class website has more details. View Special Events. Turn in verification sheet (unless you check-in with me at the event). Homework • Continue flashcards of objectives • Email me if you haven’t yet stating, “I found the class website slideshows.” Details in the notes from last Tuesday. • If you haven’t given me a code to use for your grades on the class website, see me. • Work on Earth-Sun Scale Model (10 Observation Points) • If you haven’t shown me your flashcards yet, do so now.