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Judaism
Who was Salomon?
A jewish king who built the first great temple
Zionism is a key element of contemporary Jewish history. When did it begin?
Mid-19th century
The Torah is one of the two holy books in Judaism. What does it contain?
It contains the Five Books of Moses. God gave Torah to the Jews as a guide to the obedient
and holy life he wanted them to live, but the message of the Torah is for all human beings
According to their origin what are the two big groups within Judaism?
According to their origins, historically, one can distinguish between Ashkenazi Jews (having
roots in central Europe) and Sephardi Jews (in Spain, Maghreb or the Middle East).
Ashkenazi Jews differ from Sephardi Jews in their pronunciation of Hebrew, in cultural
traditions, in synagogue cantillation (chanting) and especially in synagogue liturgy.
Christianity
Christians believe that Jesus, a Jew of Nazareth, was the Messiah), the Son of God
preached in Galilee and Judea a message of love to the others, repentance and
forgiveness of sins. How long?
For about three years
To the inner circle of Jesus’ followers belonged men who received his special teaching
and training. How many were they?
12
One of Jesus followers helped as a missionary and theologian to establish Christianity as
a separate religion rather than a Jewish sect. Who was he?
Paul of Tarsus in Cilicia (known by the Christians as Saint Paul). He gained recognition for
the converts of the Gentile mission by the Christian community in Jerusalem. He became the
13th Apostle in addition to the 12 disciples. Together with other Christian missionaries
and theologians, he shaped the early church.
Through whom Christianity was first professed?
Many believers carried the message of Jesus throughout the Roman Empire. And Constantine
was the first Roman emperor to profess Christianity.
Through the persistence of Christian missionaries, small Christian communities developed
throughout the Roman Empire
When did the pope become the leading spokesman of Christianity?
By the 5th century, the bishop of Rome, the pope, as a result of conciliar decisions and unique
events in Rome, had become the leading spokesman for the faith in Latin, or Western,
Christendom, which assumed greater institutional strength in later periods of the Middle
Ages.
In 1054 the first big division within Christianity took place. This separation caused two
different churches. Which one?
The “Great Schism” divided the church of Constantinople and the church of Rome into West
(“Roman Catholic”) and East (“Greek Orthodox”). This separation was not sudden nor
unexpected, but a result of significant religious, cultural and political differences between the
Eastern and Western churches and different views on topics such as the use of images (icons),
the nature of the Holy Spirit, and the date of Easter celebrations. Throughout centuries, the
efforts to reunify east and west failed.
When did the first crusades take place?
Beginning in the late 11th century, western Christians organised military expeditions, the
Crusades, for the recovery of Holy Land and as a response to rise and expansion of Islam
especially in regions of Palestine, Syria, Egypt, and Anatolia.
Who was the leading spokesperson for the second big division in Christianity?
The changing role and character of the church over the centuries, particularly in the office of
the papacy and its being deeply involved in the political life of western Europe, resulted in
political manipulations, combined with the church’s increasing power and wealth. This role
was interpreted as the bankrupting of the church as a spiritual force. Martin Luther, in his 95
Theses (1517), went to the philosophical root of the problem with the church and listed his
concerns for the ethical and theological reform of it, which brought him in confrontation with
the church.
What are the three major branches of Christianity?
Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy and Protestantism
Islam
In what century Islam was founded by Muhammad in Arabia?
in the early 7th century CE.
What is the Koran?
The will of the God, to which man must submit, was made known through the sacred
scriptures, the Koran, which Allah revealed to his messenger, Muhammad. Those revelations,
under the form of verses, are considered as the direct word of God.
What marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar?
Hijra
Muhammad preached his revelations to people in Mecca and gained a small group of
followers. They were subjected to violent reaction toward this new faith. In order to protect
themselves it was critical for Muhammad and his followers to flee Mecca. They were invited
to practice their faith in Medina. The migration of believers in 622 CE became known as the
Hijra and marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar.
What are the five pillars of Islam?
 Affirmation of the faith (shahâda), that is, to profess that “There is only one God,
and Muhammad is the messenger of God”;
 Praying five time a day (al-salât),
 Fasting (al-sawm) from dawn to sunset during the month of Ramadan;


Making the pilgrimage to Mecca (al-hajj) at least once in a lifetime if one’s
financial and physical conditions permit it;
Paying an obligatory tax (al-zakât) on one’s capital, for the benefit of the poor and
needy of society.
The major divisions in the history of Islam arose over questions of leadership of the
Muslim community, called the caliphate, not over issues of doctrine. In which two
groups the community split?
Sunnite and Shi'ite
What is the name of a mystical movement within Islam which arose after the death of
Muhammad?
Sufism.
It seeks to find divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God. They
wanted a religion of inner experience, an asceticism that renounced the luxuries of the world
and devoted itself purely to obedience to God.
Bahaism
What are the roots of Bahaism?
Islam.
Baha’i faith emerged in Persia (Iran) in the middle of the 19th century, having its roots in
Islam.
Who founded Bahaism?
It was founded by Baha’ Ullah in 1863. He asserted that he was the messenger of God.
What does Baha’i faith proclaim?
It proclaims the essential unity of all religions and the unity of humanity. Baha’is believe in
the oneness of humanity and devote themselves to the abolition of racial, class, and religious
prejudices.
What is the Holy Book of Baha’i Faith?
The sacred literature of Baha’i consists of the writings of Baha’ Ullah and succeeding
interpretations of them.
Does Baha’i Faith know priesterhood and sacraments?
No. But there are obligations concerning prayer, fasting, and monogamy, and encouragement
to abstain from alcohol and tobacco
What happens during a service?
There is no preaching. Services consist of readings from the scriptures of all religions.
Where is the most important place for the Baha’i Faith?
The supreme governing body is the international Universal House of Justice, with
headquarters in Haifa, Israel, near the shrine of Baha’ Ullah. It functions as the administrative,
legislative, and judicial body for the Baha’i commonwealth around the world.
What is the average number of the believers?
6 million
Buddhism
In what country has Buddhism it´s origin?
In India
When was Buddhism founded?
Around 500 b.c.
Who is the founder of Buddhism?
Siddhartha Gautama, known as Buddha or Sakyamuni. He travelled around and teached in the
Ganges basin until his death at the age of eighty-four.
How many believers does Buddhism have?
It is estimated that today there are a little over 250 million Buddhists in the world.
Buddhism had spread through much of Asia where it has been a dominant faith in Southeast
Asia in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, and Laos; in Central and East Asia
in China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, and Mongolia; and in numerous Himalayan areas such as
Nepal, Sikkim, Butan, and Ladakh. In the U.S.A. alone there are about 5 million, the majority
of whom are Asian immigrants or their descendants. However, in recent years, numerous
Americans of English and European descent have also adopted Buddhism.
In the last fifty years in two countries Buddhist were suffering from dictatorship and
had to face worst atrocities of nearly genocidal proportions
Cambodia and Tibet, The conflict is going on for over 30 years.
If it come to a ranking of religions by the number of the believers in which place do we
find Buddhism?
4th place after Christianity, Islam and Hinduism
What is the highest aim for Buddhist believers?
To reach the state of Nirvana.
What does Nirvana mean?
It is a state that is free from lust, anger or craving. A state of perfect peace unobstructed by
psychological conditioning. All forms of craving are extinguished such that one is no longer
subject to human suffering. The Buddha says of Nirvāṇa that it is "the highest happiness". In
the experience of all, Nirvāṇa is a state which all six bases (Eye, Ear, Nose, Tongue, Body
and Mind) cannot feel.
What does
"continuous flowing"; the concept of a cycle of death and rebirth (samsara),
What is the name of the Buddhist doctrine?
Dharma. It contains customs, laws and obligations, ethnic and religious obligations it also
expresses the Buddhist moral. The Kharma is connected to the fulfilment of Dharma.
Hinduism
If it come to a ranking of religions by the number of the believers in which place do we
find Hinduism?
3rd
place after Christianity and Islam, with 900 Mill. Believers.
Who is the founder?
It has no one single identifiable founder.
What is Karma?
Karma is the moral and physical law of cause and effect by which each individual creates
one's own future destiny by accepting responsibility and accountability for one's own
thoughts, words and deeds, individual and collective.
What is the name of the Holy Scripture?
The four Veda.
What animal has in Hinduism a special place?
The cow. Due to the Holy Scripture, the Veda, where you can find holy images a cow.
The Hindu society is classifies people due to the place of birth into different social
stratums. How is that system called?
The caste system. There are four casts.
 teachers and priests;
 warriors, nobles, and kings;
 farmers, merchants, and businessmen
 servants and labourers.
Officially the caste system is abolished from the constitution but still has an important social
relevance.
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- history
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