Download Integumentary System

Integumentary System
Wellness and Illness
Wellness and Illness
The integumentary system is subject to:
• degenerative disorders
• genetic disorders
• infectious diseases
Wellness and Illness
degenerative disorders are due to:
• progressive deterioration of tissue caused
by continuous injury from environmental
stress and/or physical stress
Wellness and Illness
genetic disorders are due to:
• the result of mutations that alter skin
structure and diminish skin function
Wellness and Illness
infectious diseases are due to:
• microorganisms that damage tissues and
organs
Degenerative Skin Disorders
freckles
• most are genetic – not considered a
disorder
• sun exposure can darken freckles
• solar lentigene
– all over the body
– 30 somethings who overexpose their skin to
sunlight or tanning beds
– prevent with strong sunblock
– can be removed by laser treatment
Degenerative Skin Disorders
cosmetics
• most common source of degenerative skin
disorders
• many of the products cause mild
dermatitis
– inflammation of the skin caused by allergic
reaction or contact with irritant
– itching
– redness
– swelling
Degenerative Skin Disorders
• facial cleansers and toners produce
scaling skin and accelerate skin aging
Degenerative Skin Disorders
skin cancer
• although degenerative, has an underlying
genetic connection = precancerous genes
• if damaged by sunlight, or certain
chemicals, precancerous genes promote
abnormal cell division in the affected skin
cells
• common type
– start as irregularly shaped brown or black
spots → open sores
Degenerative Skin Disorders
other skin cancers
• injury deep within the skin
• first appear as discolored blisters or sores
• erode the skin and spread to other parts of
the body
Skin cancers can be fatal if not treated
Degenerative Skin Disorders
tumors
• moles
– flat, squamous-cell tumors that are heavily
pigmented by melanocytes
– possible origin may be genetic damage to
skin; if so = most likely → cancer
• skin tags
– soft, colored, knob-shaped tumors that grow
out of the skin
– appear on the neck, in the armpits
– removed by minor surgery
Degenerative Skin Disorders
tumors
• seborrhoeic keratosis
– black or brown growth on face or body
– creates a greasy, rough appearance on skin
• sebaceous hyperplasia
– masses of cells developed by oil glands
– appear as small, yellow bumps with an
opening in the center
– removed by simple surgery
Degenerative Skin Disorders
tumors
• syringomas
– formed by sweat glands
– painless growths
– appear as small lumps on the cheeks and
eyelids
• lipomas
– raised tumors formed by fat cells underneath
the skin
– usually don’t go away
– problematic if they occur around the mouth or
impede movement
Genetic Skin Disorders
acne
• most common skin disorder thought to have a
genetic connection
• overproduction of sebum due to hormonal
changes
• in teenagers after puberty, and women
undergoing hormone changes
(pregnancy/menopause)
–
–
–
–
–
blackheads
pimples
red spots
whiteheads
lesions called cysts/nodules
Genetic Skin Disorders
cysts/nodules
– deep in the skin
– saclike structure swollen with liquid or semisolid
substance
furuncle
– inflammation of a hair follicle that leads to a buildup of
dead cells and blood components
acne is aggravated by skin bacteria that
feed on the sebum and decaying cells
– the bacteria produce irritating waste products
Genetic Skin Disorders
treatment
– mild cases = soaps that:
• open he cysts
• remove some of the bacteria
• remove the excess sebum
– severe cases = drugs
• antibiotics – kill bacteria
• isotretinoin – shed sebum filled cysts
Genetic Skin Disorders
psoriasis
• due to an increase in the amount of skin
cells produced
• build up of thick scales appearing on the
skin
• inflammatory = skin is:
–
–
–
–
painful
red
swollen
Warm
Why?
The skin is trying to protect the affected
area from disease or injury
Genetic Skin Disorders
• skin is dry, itchy
• hair loss can occur if psoriasis affects
hairy parts of the body
• scientists know a gene exists that is
activated by certain environmental
conditions and infectious diseases
• treatment = drugs
– reduce swelling
– slow skin production
Genetic Skin Disorders
birthmarks (that can affect the skin)
1) port wine stains
2) spider veins
3) strawberry hemangiomas
• port wine stain
– as named, appears like a spot of red wine
spilled on the skin
– abnormality of skin blood vessels
– anywhere
– begins at birth, grows larger and darker
– larger examples can bleed as the skin cracks
Genetic Skin Disorders
• spider veins
– enlarged skin blood vessels
– large central vessels with smaller vessels
branching out = name
– no problems – unattractive
Genetic Skin Disorders
• strawberry hemangiomas
– enlarged skin blood vessels
– grow rapidly after birth
– lighten in color for many by age 6
– problems arise form excessive bleeding, or if
located near the eyes or mouth
Genetic Skin Disorders
• vitiligo
Genetic Skin Disorders
vitiligo vs albinism
Genetic Skin Disorders
melasma
• brown patches on the face
• symmetrical
• darkened by sunlight
• caused by female hormonal changes =
appearance in pregnant women and
women who take oral contraceptives
Infectious Disorders
Beneficial bacteria and fungi can cause skin
infections.
In most cases the infections are mild and
treatable, unless they breach the skin.
danger = enter deeper tissues and blood
The population of microorganisms on the
skin can be altered → environment for
disease causing bacteria.
This occurs commonly when skin is washed
frequently, or remains wet for a long time
Infectious Disorders
most common bacterial skin infections
• Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)
– produces secretions that erode and inflame
skin
4 most common conditions:
1) folliculitis – inflammation of hair follicle
2) impetigo – easily spread rash on children
3) boils - furuncle
4) staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS)
– potentially fatal shedding and swelling of skin
folliculitis
impetigo
boil/furuncle
SSSS
Infectious Disorders
monilia
• fungal infection caused by Candida albicans
(C. albicans)
– a beneficial yeast in the female digestive
system and reproductive system
– spreads to the skin and nails when the
immune system is weakened
– the fungi breakdown the tissue causing mild
to severe inflammation
Infectious Disorders
dermatophytes
• other fungi
• eat keratin-rich materials = hair, nails, outer
layers of the epidermis
• easily spread
• causes itching, hair loss, deformation of
nails
• ringworm – tinea = common example
– contracted from furry pets
– spread person to person by contact with
clothing and skin
– related to “athlete’s foot”/”jock itch”
Infectious Disorders
warts
• caused by virus
• ~60 different types
• commonly caused by human papilloma virus
(HPV)
Infectious Disorders
other “critters”
• protists
– mostly involved with exotic diseases spread
by insect bites → internal organs = severe
bodily damage
• arthropods
– demodex/follicle mite causes inflammation of
the eyelash follicles
• lice
– blood sucking
– irritate skin
– spread infection/spread disease
Aging of the Integumentary System
Skin has extrinsic aging factors and
intrinsic aging factors
extrinsic = external
• environmental factors:
– disease
– pollution
– sun exposure
– etc.
Aging of the Integumentary System
intrinsic = internal
• genetic factors
• natural maturation factors
Intrinsic aging can be accelerated by stress
from pathology of other organ systems or
unusual enviromic interactions
Gross Anatomical Changes of Aging
• loss of head hair
• graying/whitening hair
• excessive growth of body
and facial hair
• drying of the skin –
diminished oil secretion
• decreased ability to sweat
• thinning of skin
• loss of melanin →
transparent skin
• loss of subcutaneous fat
• wrinkling
• skin stretching due to
connective tissue
changes in the dermis
• skin stretching due to
gravity pulling on skin
• thinning of nail plate
• increased probability of
skin tumors
• prolonged wound healing
– diminished blood
flow/suppressed immune
system
• regular irritations –
changes in microbial
populations
Aging of the Integumentary System
Intrinsic aging is impossible to stop
Why?
Natural decline of cells in connective issue
and muscle is uncontrollable
BUT . .
decline is slowed by living in a climate that
does not have extreme cold or extreme heat
Aging of the Integumentary System
Connective tissues of the dermis and
subcutaneous layers naturally reduce elastin
production, and become dominated by
collagen and reticular fibers →
• less flexible skin
• thinner skin
• more brittle skin
As collagen and elastin degenerate →
• lines
• creases
• wrinkles
• furrows
• folds
Aging of the Integumentary System
One treatment that does seem to remove
wrinkling due to aging = skin needling
Aging of the Integumentary System
Decreased blood flow to the skin slows
stratum germinativum →
• thinning epidermis
• difficult to repair skin damage
People with diseases that affect blood
vessels show premature aging of the skin
Aging of the Integumentary System
melanocyte decline is natural
loss of many nerves in the skin → more
susceptile to damage
older skin doesn’t register injury as well
Aging of the Integumentary System
DNA damage in the skin
• constant exposure to oxidizing chemicals
and sunlight
• causes abnormalities like cancers and
tumors
• occurs naturally during the S phase of
mitosis, which occurs at an ↑ rate in the
epidermis
• telomere shortening
Aging of the Integumentary System
Strategies to reduce aging focus on
extrinsic aging factors
• proper diet
• reduced exposure to sunlight *
• avoiding skin irritantion
• protecting the skin from pollutants
• not smoking *
* biggest factors to slow aging
Aging of the Integumentary System
Why is smoking so bad?
• reduces blood flow to skin
– impedes growth and repair
– affects temperature regulation → susceptible
to damage form extreme hot and cold
• oxidizing chemicals are introduced into the
skin
Wasn’t that Sun fun?
Not Just A Mole,
Much, Much Worse
melanomas
normal
moles
moderate lipoma
unusual lipoma
extreme lipoma