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Babylonian, Persian and Greek rule (586 BCE—140 BCE) In 586 BCE King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon conquered the Kingdom of Judah and exiled the population to Babylon. According to the Bible, also destroyed Solomon's Temple. See also: The Return to Zion and Yehud coinage In 538 BCE Cyrus the Great of Persia conquered Babylon and issued a proclamation granting subjugated nations (including the people of Judah) their freedom. The Bible describes how 50,000 Judeans, led by Zerubabel returned and rebuilt the temple. A second group of 5000, led by Ezra and Nehemiah, returned to Judea in 456 BCE. According to the Bible, non-Jews tried to prevent the return and wrote to Cyrus. In 333 BCE Alexander the Great defeated Persia and conquered Judea and sometime thereafter, the first translation of the Hebrew Bible (the Septuagint) was begun in Alexandria. After Alexander's death, his generals fought over the territory he had conquered. Israel became the frontier between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt, eventually becoming part of the Seleucid Empire. In the second century, Antiochus IV Epiphanes (ruler of the Seleucid Empire) tried to eradicate Judaism in favor of Hellenistic religion leading to the 174–135 BCE Maccabean Revolt led by Judas Maccabeus (celebrated as the Jewish festival of Hanukkah). The Books of the Maccabees documented the uprising and the end of Greek rule. * Much of the content includes text from Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, and is shared with permissions of authors in accordance with license referred at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikipedia is written collaboratively by largely anonymous Internet volunteers who write without pay. The owner of Time With My Maker cannot, nor does not attest to the absolute truth and accuracy of the those volunteer writers. It is the intent of the owner of Time With My Maker to draw attention to Old and New Testament Scriptures as to the message of its authors pertaining to Jesus Christ. An understanding of the origins and foundations of Israel and Judaism and the culture in which the writers of the Scriptures is an essential ingredient to the rightly dividing** of God's Word. It is also the intent of the owner of Time With My Maker to convey appreciation and understanding of the direct connection to the Jewish nation, the Jewish Law, the ancient Prophets, the Messianic promises fulfilled and yet to be fulfilled, and the promises of God to the Jews into which followers of Jesus Christ have been adopted.