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INTRODUCTION TO GREEK GRAMMAR Lesson 14 First Aorist Indicative Active & Middle 1. Vocabulary: Present First Aorist ajkou>w h]kousa I hear I heard ajpolu>w ajpe>lusa I release I released gra>fw e]graya I write I wrote diw>kw ejdi>wxa I pursue, persecute I pursued, persecuted ejpistre>fw ejpe>streya I turn, return I turned, returned eJtoima>zw hJtoi>masa I prepare I prepared qauma>zw ejqau>masa I wonder at, marvel I wondered at, marveled peira>zw ejpei>rasa I tempt I tempted pe>mpw e]pemya I send I sent uJpostre>fw uJ p e> s treya I return I returned The aorist tense is the simple past tense. It differs from the imperfect tense in that the imperfect expresses continuous action in past time while the aorist expresses the action as a single act in past time. It has been suggested that the imperfect gives a motion picture and the aorist gives a snapshot. The reader will notice that some of the words in the vocabulary have already been given in the present tense. The purpose here is to show the relationship between the present form and the aorist form. 2. Forms of the First Aorist Indicative Active of lu>w: Singular Plural e]lusa ejlu>samen I loosed we loosed e]lusav ej l u> s ate you loosed you loosed e]luse(n) e]lusan he (she/it) loosed they loosed First florist Active Infinitive lu~sai Note that the stem lu- is in each form. An augment is added to the beginning of the stem (the same as the imperfect tense) and the tense suffix -sa is added to the basic stem. The secondary active personal endings are added directly to the tense stem. The n is not used in forming the first person singular, and the third person singular ends with e which apparently replaces the a. The infinitive form ends with -ai and has the accent on the penult. Note also that the infinitive does not have an augment. 3. Forms of the First Aorist Indicative Middle of lu>w: Singular ejlusa>mhn ejlusa>meqa I loosed for myself you loosed for yourself ejlu>sato he (she/it) loosed for himself First Aorist Middle Infinitive lu>sasqai ejlu>sw ejlu>sasqe ejlu>santo Plural we loosed for ourselves you loosed for yourselves they loosed for themselves 4. Formation of the First Aorist Indicative Middle: The aorist middle has the secondary personal endings. The endings are attached to the aorist stem without a thematic vowel. The first aorist indicative middle has: 1. An augment, 2. The verb stem, 3. The -sa suffix to form the aorist stem, 4. The secondary personal endings. The second person singular was originally ejlu>saso but the last s dropped out and the resulting ao contracted to w, thus ejlu>sw. Verb stems ending in a consonant follow basically the same pattern as they would follow in forming the future tense. Verbs with stems ending in a short vowel a, e or o form the first aorist by lengthening the vowel before the tense suffix -sa. a is lengthened to h (except after e, i, r when it is lengthened to a). e is lengthened to h and o is lengthened to w. Examples: ajgapa>w hjga>phsa I love first aorist poie>w ejpoi>has I do, make first aorist plhro>w ejplh>pwsa I fill first aorist Aorist active infinitives ajgaph~sai, poih~sai, plhrw~sai There are a few verbs that do not lengthen the short vowel before the sa. tele>w “Ι end” has the first aorist form ejte>lesa; kale>w follows the same pattern. The first aorist differs from the second aorist (to be studied later) only in form. The meaning is the same, both refer to simple past time. 5. The Aorist is the Third Principle Part: The Greek aorist forms vary and it is almost impossible to predict a verb's aorist form with certainty. It is necessary to consult a lexicon or a prepared word list in order to know what form a specific verb will have in the aorist. It is suggested that the student add each verb to a notebook with the principle parts and learn them. Α few verbs may have both a first aorist and second aorist form. Generally, verbs that have a first aorist do not have a second aorist and those with a second aorist do not have a first aorist form. When a verb has both forms, the first aorist is usually transitive, i.e., it takes a direct object, and the second aorist is intransitive, i.e., it does not take a direct object.