Download First Half of the 20th Century

First Half of the 20th Century
In this unit:
Students will continue to explore the history of our Modern World by
analyzing the first half of the 20th Century.
Students will see how the voice of the common person became more
powerful during the century.
Students will reflect upon the changing 20th century and how it continues to
impact their lives.
Students will work on a 20th Century Timeline to understand the century.
Question to Ponder: What stories have you heard
from relatives about the time before WW2?
Decade Changes
1950s
1950-1960
Technology-Space Race, Television, Nuclear power, H-bomb
Medicine-Polio vaccine, Lobotomies, antihistamines
Social-The Cold War, the Communist Scare, Decolonization
of Africa, Korea, Suez, Cuba, Europe reconstruction, suburbs
The 1950s
The
1950s
25
Returning soldiers led the US economy into high gear, but
the Cold War kept heating up between the US and USSR.
Colonies around the globe declared independence, some
violently, from European powers weakened by WW2.
In 1956, Egypt seized the
Suez Canal from Britain.
French, British, and
Israeli troops invaded
successfully but the US
and the USSR
threatened to unite in
opposition and the
invaders withdrew. This
is the symbol for the end
of global Colonization by
Europe. As the decade
wound down, France
found itself being
violently thrown out of
South East Asia and
requested US aid.
Korean War
26
War in In 1950, Communist North Korea attacked the US backed
South, almost defeating them before reinforcements arrived.
Korea
China soon joined the conflict with aid from the USSR as
well. The war ended after 3 years with unchanged borders.
After 4 years of WW2,
Korea got little attention
and quickly became
known as the ‘Forgotten
War.’ Almost 40,000
Americans would die in a
war that saw jet fighters
in the sky and trench
warfare on the ground.
The war also cost Gen.
MacArthur his job for
advocating a nuclear
first strike against China,
even though the
President had already
said no.
Society Changes
24
Society The surging American economy brought new technologies and
Changes changed values as nuclear families became more common.
Entertainment changed to appeal to the mass of ‘baby
boomers’ growing up in record numbers of single family homes.
The term, ‘nuclear family’ first appeared in 1925, long before nuclear technology. Instead,
it refers to the nucleus of the family unit shifting from extended families of multiple
generations to a new core of Dad being the provider while Mom raised the kids and
maintained the home. This was only possible with the economic changes after the war.
The Cold War
The
Cold
War
27
Sustained state of political and military tensions between the
US and the Soviet Union (USSR) and their respective allies.
The two nations used the world as their chess board to make
sure direct conflict involving nukes would never happen.
The Cold War started with the
Blockade of Berlin in 1949. After
China went Communist in 1950,
a wave of hysteria swept over
the US. First used against the
film industry, Congress was soon
investigating the lives of
everyday Americans. Thousands
lost their jobs for simply being a
member of a political party. The
investigations fell apart when
members of the US military were
accused of being communists at
a time when we were at war in
Korea, fighting the Communist
Chinese.
Civil Rights
Civil
Rights
Movement
23
Returning black soldiers from the war started demanding
equal rights and in 1948, Truman integrated the military.
Southern Jim Crow laws were soon challenged and bit by
bit were dismantled, sparking violence across the south.
The Rev. Martin Luther
King Jr. became involved
early on with Civil Rights.
King led the Montgomery,
Alabama bus boycott in
1955. The integration of
the city buses would
inspire others to knock
down the barriers that had
created two separate
societies. After TV aired
footage of dogs attacking
school children in
Birmingham, opinions
started changing and laws
started being passed.
The Space Race
22
The Space Cold War rivalry extended into space when the Soviets
launched Sputnik in 1957, the first orbital satellite.
Race
Billions were spent and society itself changed as the two
nations raced each other to the moon.
Education spending, especially in science and math, took off with the space race. Soon,
spin-off technologies gave unforeseen benefits in areas like medicine, computers,
electronics, and miniaturization. Photos of earth taken from space also started organized
environmental movements that continued to grow in the 1960s.
Decade Changes
1940s
28
Technology-Synthetic rubber, nuclear weapons, microwaves,
Aerosol cans, radar, first computers, transistors, DDT
Medicine-Kidney dialysis, penicillin, better vaccines,
Social-Total war & rationing, , Tupperware, Velcro,
Internment camps, Women and minorities in the work force.
World War 2
32
World Wide As Germany rampaged in Europe, Japan took over vast
War Again areas of the Pacific from the English and Dutch.
Germany soon controlled Europe except for Britain and
in July, 1941 invaded Russia with four million soldiers.
The US tried to stay out of
the conflict, just like before
World War 1. After France
fell, England stood against
Nazi Germany alone. The
US once again supported
our English allies and sent
millions in aid. In the
Pacific, Japan seized
Indonesia which led to the
US cutting off any
remaining trade. 2 weeks
before Pearl Harbor, Japan
asked for an end to
sanctions while their
Pacific Fleet was already in
route to Hawaii.
The Tide begins to Turn
Axis
Offensives
Falter
31
Japan and Germany reached their zeniths in 1942, but
mistakes by both started to turn the tide.
The Japanese were stopped at the Battle of Midway and
the Germans started being pushed back out of Russia.
Espionage played a pivotal role in the war as organizing massive armies proved to be key.
Communications intercepted led to Allied victories in the Pacific at the Coral Sea and
Midway. In Europe, a second front was finally opened up in 1943 with the Allied invasion
of North Africa. 1943 and 1944 saw more Allied victories, but the Axis kept fighting.
The End of the War
The
War
Ends
30
In 1944, the Allies invaded France. After a failed counterattack in the Ardennes, Germany surrendered in May, 1945.
Japanese forces were beaten back island by island with heavy
casualties, and in August, the US nuked Japan, ending the war.
Unfortunately, the Russian
Red Army stayed in the
countries it occupied
defeating the NAZIs.
Poland, Hungary, and parts
of Germany itself fell under
Russian and Communist
control. Europe was
divided by an “Iron
Curtain” from the Baltic to
the Adriatic Seas. A new
tension settled over
Europe and soon a “Cold”
or non shooting war would
control politics on both
sides of the Iron Curtain.
29
Legacies of WW2
Aftermath 100 million dead, millions more displaced.
11 Million Jews and others exterminated.
Germany and Korea were divided and occupied.
Warcrime trials held for leaders of Germany and Japan.
The US emerged as the only nuclear Super Power.
Before the Marshall Plan in
1948, the US started
dismantling Germany’s
industries. Economies were
already becoming entwined
and the results were
devastating. The Marshall
plan changed all this with
billions of dollars to rebuild
Japan, and a destroyed
Europe. Berlin turned into a
hot spot when the Soviets
blockaded the city. A
massive airlift supplied the
city until the Soviets lifted
the blockade.
Decade Changes
1930s
37
Technology-scotch tape, frozen foods, jet engine, ballpoint
pen, nylon, radio telescope, Zepplins
Medicine-Health declined nationwide, polio outbreaks, blood
banks, STDs widespread, Dust Pneumonia
Social-Great Depression, Hoovertowns, Rise of extreme
politics, Crimewave, Baseball, movies, social welfare, migration
Great Depression
36
The Great Severe, worldwide economic downturn lasting from the
Depression late 1920s until World War 2.
Income, profits and tax revenues all dropped by over
½ and unemployment rose to 25% or higher world wide.
The signs were there long
before the Crash of stocks in
the US on October 29th. It all
started with farmers who had
taken out massive debt
during World War 1 to meet
higher demands. Extended
droughts ate up all profits
and soon farms were folding
nation wide. As the banks
holding their loans failed, the
larger banks started
collapsing. Soon, a world
wide economic crisis spread
from the US, damaging global
economies.
Nazi Germany
35
The Third The Great Depression added to the misery of Germany
and their people were looking for jobs, food, and security.
Reich
National socialists, or NAZI’s ran on a promise to restore
order and pride to Germany and won elections in 1932.
Hitler was granted special permission to join the German army during WW1 as he was an
Austrian. He quickly rose up in the ranks of the NAZI party due to his oratory skills. After
Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor in 1933, the NAZI’s started bringing all aspects
of German life under their control. They also started terrorizing ethnic groups like Jews.
Germany Flexes Again
34
Remilitarization Hitler ignored the Versailles Treaty and rebuilt
Germany’s war machine with Europe’s blessings.
Of Germany
In 1939, Hitler demanded the Polish Corridor and
on September 1st invaded and conquered Poland.
On September 21st, the
Gestapo, or Germany’s secret
police, started rounding up
Polish Jews, nobles, teachers,
and government workers in an
attempt to destroy Poland’s
identity as a nation. 65,000
were killed, thousands of
others started being shipped
West and were first utilized as
slave labor. As German
conquests grew, so did the
numbers of ‘undesirables.’ A
Final Solution was around the
corner to deal with the evergrowing numbers of prisoners.
Japan Flexes
Japan
Rises in
the East
33
Military leaders in Japan perverted their people’s beliefs
for their Emperor and turned Japan into a military state.
After conquering Manchuria in 1931, Japan invaded and
took over the rest of China in 1937.
The US then embargoed Japan, who in turn allied with
Nazi Germany, creating the Axis Powers in 1940.
Two incidents led to the
US decision to cut off
trade with Japan. First
was the attack on a US
gunboat, the Panay,
outside of Nanking,
killing three Americans.
Soon after, The
Massacre of Nanking
butchered 300,000
Chinese. US opinion
turned against Japan as
reports came back of
mass rapes and killings.
Decade Changes
1920s
41
Technology-Automobile, radio, rockets, telephones, Scopes
Trial, King Tut and Archeology, sliced bread
Medicine-insulin, Sulfa Drugs, Vitamins, FDA, Radioactivity
Social-Prohibition, highways, Roaring 20s and Flappers,
Immigration restrictions, organized crime, Lost Generation
1920s
The War
Kickstarts
Economies
38
The same industrialization that fueled the war changed
societies as urban populations swelled past rural ones.
Except in defeated Germany, world job growth exploded
and economic prosperity spread to millions in the 1920s.
The same organizations and
movements that brought
Women’s Suffrage to the
United States in 1919, also
passed Prohibition the
same year. Alcohol was
indeed a huge problem, and
Temperance movements
were able to convince a
nation desiring change after
the Great War to legislate
morality. The government
lost millions in revenue
from lost excise taxes and
tried to make it up with
increased tobacco taxes.
A Fair Wage
Cars
Change
Work
39
Henry Ford perfected the assembly line and by 1920 the
majority of Americans had learned to drive in a Model T.
Ford’s philosophy of welfare capitalism drove up wages,
shortened the workweek, and empowered millions.
Working for Ford
included Stock
Options for
workers in ‘good
moral standing.’
Ford had 50
investigators
plus support
staff who
approved of
employees
profit sharing,
turning down
heavy drinkers,
gamblers, and
dead-beat dads.
Rise of Japan
Rise of
Japan
40
The Emperor launched the Meiji Restoration in 1868 which
brought industrialization to an already militarized nation.
Victories against China and Russia fueled further ambitions
in a nation struggling to adapt to westernization.
Thousands of Japanese were sent around the world to learn and observe. The government
employed foreign advisors to educate the populace and feudal practices, like Topknots were
outlawed. The Satsuma Rebellion occurred in 1877 when dissatisfied samurai revolted and
20 thousand were killed fighting the modern Japanese Imperial Army, mostly using swords.
Decade Changes
1900s
&
1910s
45
Technology-Plastic, disposal razors, zipper, Titanic, Panama
canal, stainless steel, E=MC2, X-rays, Continental Drift
Medicine-Spanish Flu, Bacteria, children’s health, Mental
Social-Electricity and Plumbing, revolutions, The Great War,
Meanwhile, in Russia…
50
Russian Nicholas II took over a troubled Russia in 1894 as rapid
Empire industrialization brought unrest and strikes to the cities.
Russia was defeated in 1905 by Japan leading to “Bloody
Sunday” at the Winter Palace and 1,000s shot by police.
St. Petersburg saw dozens of
competing political groups
trying to bring about the end of
the Russian Monarchy. As
Russian navies were being sunk
by new Japanese battleships, a
crowd of 1,000s, led by Father
Gapon, gathered at the Winter
Palace to demand reforms and
an end to the war. The royal
family had fled earlier but still
were blamed for the deaths.
The massacre brought further
riots, protests and limited
reforms. This Revolution of
1905 though was just the start.
Progressivism
Meat
Packing
Dangers
Continue
Reforms
42
Abolitionists showed change can come from within.
Sinclair’s 1908,The Jungle, showed bad work conditions
and unsanitary practices in Chicago slaughterhouses.
Women’s Suffrage started in Finland and by War’s end
most of Europe, Asia, and Africa passed women’s suffrage.
Sinclair had spent
seven weeks
gathering
information while
working incognito in
meat packing plants.
The book’s accounts
of workers falling
into rendering tanks
and being ground
up into lard with
animal parts sold
books and changed
an industry.
Germany and Nationalism
Germany
Upsets
the
Balance
49
Unification brought an increase in military spending
throughout Europe which helped fuel rising nationalism.
Alliances designed to maintain peace failed when the heir
to the Austrian throne was assassinated in Serbia.
The July Crisis of 1914 started
when Archduke Ferdinand
toured Sarajevo with his wife.
At the Čumuria bridge,
bombs intended for the
Archduke wounded 20
people. On the way to visit
the wounded, the couple
were gunned down. Serbia
had warned Austria that the
visit was dangerous and
refused to cooperate in
investigating the royal deaths.
Austrian ultimatums to Serbia
were ignored and on July 28th
war was declared.
World War I
“The
Great
War”
48
Russia declared war on Austria to support Serbia. Germany
came to Austria’s aid which caused France and Britain to side
with Russia.
From Africa to Asia, Empires fought for world control. While
in Europe, the fight stagnated into a war of attrition.
Germany advanced quickly into Belgium and France but reinforced French and English armies
soon stopped them. Germany dug a massive series of trenches from the Atlantic coast to the
Alps to repel the counter attack. Traditional tactics of flanking and maneuver were useless
on the scorched fields of Western Europe filled with wire, artillery, and machine guns.
Germany was the first to use chlorine gas to break the impasse, but the rest soon followed.
Up, up, and Away!
Flight
Takes
Off
43
Blimps had flown regularly since 1901, but in 1903, the Wright
brothers flew the first powered plane at Kitty Hawk, NC.
By 1914, planes were shooting at each other during WW1.
Soon, a Golden Age of Aviation took off and records were
constantly broken by faster and more powerful planes.
One of the most difficult
aspects of planes combat is
where to fix the gun. The
Lewis gun put the machinegun
on the upper wing but pilots
had to remove their hands
from the flight stick to fire the
gun. Individual pilots found
their own solutions but in
1915, German Kurt Wintgens
synchronized his machine gun
with the propeller of his fighter.
Soon, others perfected the art
of aerial dueling and some, like
Manfred von Richtofen, shot
down 80 planes.
Russian Problems
Russian
Side of
the War
47
Inferior Russian forces were outfought as Germany
advanced with Austrian forces into Russian lands.
The Czar fought alongside his troops but riots forced
him to abdicate power and the Bolsheviks took power.
The leader of the Soviet
Communists was Vladimir
Lenin who had been
imprisoned in Germany
but in 1917 was sent to St.
Petersburg to stir up
troubles. His Bolsheviks
signed a repressive treaty
with the Germans, ending
their participation in the
war. Unfortunately for the
Germans, the manpower
needed to occupy the
Russian areas freed up
few troops for the West.
America Joins
America
and the
War’s
End
46
As the war drug on, Germany tried to starve Britain into
peace by launching unrestricted U-boat warfare in 1916.
Soon, US troops helped push German forces back ; leading
to the abdication of the Kaiser and another new Germany.
The Bolsheviks defeated the Czar and took Russia out of the war, but faced opposition and
their hold on power was tenuous. As Russian Civil War broke out, US and British forces were
sent to Northern Russia to help oust the Bolsheviks and bring Russia back into the war. After
the war ended, the undersupplied US troops continued to fight in Russia until 1920.
The Next war is set
Results of
the “Great
War”
44
50 Million dead, most of whom were civilians.
European borders were once again redrawn.
Blame and costs were placed solely against Germany.
Returning troops helped spread Spanish flu, killing an
additional 5% of the world’s population.
The League of
Nations was
founded as a result
of World War I.
Lacking any
enforcement, the
League could do
little to help resolve
an international
crisis. As Europe
once again heated
up in the 1930s,
nations like
Germany, Italy, and
Japan simply
withdrew.