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Islam Spreads
Dynasty: a family of rulers who rule over a country
for a long period of time
Theocratic: form of government in which the state
is ruled by religious rulers
Caliphate: an Islamic state led by a supreme
religious and political leader known as a caliph
Jihad: a war fought by Muslims to defend or spread
their beliefs
Islam Spreads
• Muhammad dies in 632 and his 4 immediate successors
are called Caliphs under which there is rapid expansion
Islam Spreads
• 4 Caliphs succeeded by 2 dynasties under
which Islam saw even more tremendous
growth.
Umayyad: 661-750
Abbasids: 750-1258
• Muslims are split into two main branches,
soon after Umayyad take power.
Sunnis about 85% of Muslims today
Shias
Islam Spreads
• 4 Caliphs succeeded by 2 dynasties under
which Islam saw even more tremendous
growth.
Umayyad: 661-750
Abbasids: 750-1258
• Muslims are split into two main branches,
soon after Umayyad take power.
Sunnis about 85% of Muslims today
Shias
Islam Spreads
In 16th & early 17th c. greatest gunpowder
states were Islamic.
• Ottoman based in Constantinople
• Safavid – Based in Iran
• Mughal – Based in India
Ottoman Empire
Where did the Ottomans come from?
Established by
Osman leader of
a Turkic nomadic
people living in
Asia Minor in
early 1300s
Sultan Mehmed II (1451-1481)
• Was one of the
greatest Sultans
• Called the Fatih (the
Conqueror)
• During his rule all of
Turkey/Anatolia was
brought under his
control and the
Byzantine Empire was
defeated
• The Conquest of
Constantinople = the
Imperial phase of the
Ottomans
– Constantinople was
renamed Istanbul
– Mehmet II cleaned up
the city and built
mosques, markets,
water fountains, baths,
and other public
facilities
The Sultan’s Bedchamber
Hamam
• Mehmet II encouraged people to move to
Istanbul by bribing people from the territories
with homes and jobs
The Grand
Bazzar
• For the next 200 years the Ottomans will be a
significant power in the Middle East
Suleiman I
“The Lawgiver”
– Sultanic law codes
– Reformed the
government
– Balanced the budget
– Reinforced Islamic
law
Suleiman I
“The Magnificent”
– Grandeur of his court
– Built palaces, mosques,
schools, libraries,
hospitals, roads, bridges,
etc.
– Cultural explosion (pax
Ottomanica) – literary,
artistic, and scientific
achievements
– Pasha Sinan – Suleiman’s
Architect
• Millet system : non-Muslims formed
small communities and were allowed
to keep their faith (Jewish or
Christian) as long as they paid the
jitza (a tax).
• Local officials were replaced by
Ottoman government officials
• Jewish people were
cruelly oppressed in
Western Europe,
moved to Istanbul and
found Turkey to be a
“haven” = a mass
migration of Jewish
people soon followed
• Highly structured government served the
royal family.
• Government included 1000s of slaves.
• Elite group of soldiers called janissaries
were the main fighting force were
created under the concept of Devshirme.
Devshirme
Christian youths captured by the Ottoman
agents and recruited for the Imperial civil
service and standing army
• Converted to Islam
• The brightest 10% entered the Palace school
and were trained for civil service
• The others were sent to Turkish farms and
were trained for toughness = Janissaries
• Janissaries were the elite army corps who were
absolutely loyal to the Sultan
Turkish Coffeehouses
• During Ottoman times
coffeehouses were places
where men would come
together and form public
opinion. They first opened
as a place for people to wait
before going into the
mosques for prayer and
soon became a place where
men would meet outside of
the home.
Islam and
Modesty
– Women
resided in
seclusion in
the harem
– Purdah
– Sacred place, sanctuary,
place of honor, respect,
and religious purity
– Private quarters of the
family – not visited by nonfamily members (female
visitors were allowed, but
not common)
– Boys remained with their
mothers in the harem until
the ages of 10-11
The Harem
Do you think that the Ottomans were wise
in staffing their military and government
with slaves?
How does Ottoman administration and
social structure compare to feudalism?
Do you think the Ottoman’s policy of
religious tolerance helped or hurt the
Empire?
Ottoman Decline was caused by
– Weak leadership
Selim II
(aka the Sloth)
Corrupt
government
officials
– Powerful janissaries and janissary revolts
– Heavy taxes =
revolts and
unhappy
peasantry
The Ottoman Empire was very diverse ethnically
+ nationalism = many groups wanting their
freedom
– New World silver flooding the market and causing
silver to inflate = inflation
– Trade routes changing to bypass the Middle East in favor
of water routes
The Ottomans
signed
capitulations
with the
European
countries = loss
of revenue
Capitulations
• Foreign subjects now protected by their
individual country’s laws
• They were no longer legally accountable in the
Ottoman Empire.
• Possible for foreign governments to levy
duties (taxes) on goods sold in Turkish ports
• Foreign powers were also able to set up
banks, post offices, and commercial houses on
Turkish soil that were exempt from Turkish
taxes and were able to compete with local
firms.
– Loss of intellectualism = loss of innovation = fall
behind the Europeans in technology
New Turkish Republic
Modern Middle East
• In the 18th Century more wars and losses
resulted in reform attempts:
– The Tulip Period (1718-1730) = first borrowing of
European art and culture
Ottomans
continued to lose
territory to the
Russians and the
Europeans
Tanzimat Period (1839-76)
• Reforms around a new concept of justice
–Equality before the law
–Ottomanism = patriotism, but not yet
nationalism
–Constitution and a Parliament formed
• The reforms failed; Sultan Abdulahemid put
an end to the reforms while putting down
rebellions
Departure of Mehmed VI, last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, 1922.
Young Turks
•
•
•
Constitutional,
parliamentary
government
established
Growing sense of
nationalism
Ottomans entered
WWI on the side of
Germany = lost
Treaty of Versailles
•
•
Empire partitioned
Kemal Ataturk
(and others)
fought for
Independence =
new Republic of
Turkey and an end
to the Ottoman
Empire (1923).
The New
Republic of
Turkey
• Secularism
• Ataturk’s
reforms
Ataturk’s Reforms
• Six Arrows of Kemalism
– Aka Principals of Ataturk
– republicanism,
nationalism, populism,
reformism, statism, and
secularism
Ataturk’s Reforms cont.
• Republicanism:
– Only one country
of Turkey ; no
more Ottoman
Empire and no
empires ever!
– New Constitution
Ataturk’s Reforms cont.
• Populism:
– Social Reform –
– Allowed women to vote
– Required women to
attend school
– Men limited to marrying
only one wife (even
though Islam allowed
four)
– All Turks were required
to have a surname
(family name)
Ataturk’s Reforms cont.
• Secularism:
– Separation of Church
and State
– Weekends on Saturday
and Sunday (did not
match with Muslim
Religious day on Friday)
– Closed Religious Schools
– Introduced Western
Laws (instead of Muslim
Laws)
Ataturk’s Reforms cont.
• Reformism:
– Emphasized the radical
ways Ataturk was
changing Turkish Culture
– Meant to legitimize what
he was doing
Ataturk’s Reforms cont.
• Nationalism
– Established Turkish in
Latin script (not
traditional Arabic script)
– Call for prayer done in
Turkish not Arabic
(returned to Arabic in
1970s)
– Women forbidden from
wearing veil
– Fez outlawed
– Only Western clothes
allowed
Ataturk’s Reforms cont.
• Statism:
– Government controlled
economy; mixed
economy
– Focus on Turkish
investments in Turkey to
keep foreigners out
Turkish Government Today
• President elected to 4
year terms by the Grand
National Assembly
– Unicameral body that is
elected by the people
every four years
• President chooses
Prime Minister
Turkish Government Today
• Republican People’s Party
(RPP)
– Aka Kemalist Party,
founded by Ataturk
• Justice and Development
Party (AK Parti)
– Currently largest political
party in Turkey
– Prime Minister is Recep
Tayyip Erdogan
– Liberal Economy
– Muslim Conservative
Turkish Government Today
• National Movement
Party
– Pan-Turkic Causes
including: the economic
isolation and territorial
integrity (mainly of
Northern Cyrus,
Armenia, but in other
areas as well that were
lost after Ottoman
Empire)
Turkish Government Today
• Turkey also has more than
100 political parties
• Includes:
– Turkish Communist Party
– Kurdistan Workers’ Party
– Kurdish Democratic Society
Party (DTP)
• Both were closed by the
Turks (DTP in 2009) because
Turkish law prohibits political
parties based on ethnic
groups