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Humn 110 Week 2:Chapter 1 Prehistoric Period and Mesopotamian Earliest Cultures of the Prehistoric Period Culture: Way of thinking/living established by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. Collective values are expressed in the arts, writings, customs, and intellectual pursuits. The first evidences of culture can be traced back millions of years to our first hominin ancestors, when they first began to make tools: Homo habilis: First tool maker (Choppers, scrappers, hammer stones) Homo erectus: Make of the bi-faced hand ax Homo sapiens: Spears, bows, hooks, and refined tools The material culture, however was not considered complex… capable of being transmitted until the last part of the Paleolithic (35,000 to 10,000 B.C.E). The Paleolithic is more commonly known as the “Old Stone Age.” The Paleolithic period (35,000 to 10,000 B.C.E) The Paleolithic period corresponds to the geological Pleistocene era, or ICE AGE era. During this ice age period glaciers moved south over the European and Asian continents, forcing the inhabitants of the areas to move south, into the Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and African areas. Cultural advancements include: Wall Paintings: Animal life, with paintings done in black, browns, reds, and yellow. Colors came from mineral oxides and charcoal. Ritual and Religion: Attempts to control nature and humans was explored through prayer, music, dance, art, meditation, and magic. Sculpture: Cultures most important values and ways of being would further be materialized in stone The Paleolithic period (35,000 to 10,000 B.C.E) The Lascaux paintings of France • 15,000 to 10, 000 B.C. • Southern France • Animals depicted with notable realism. • Bison, mammoth, reindeer, boars, wolves, and horses. • Painted under the light of oil lamps. • One theory suggest that they were symbolically painted to initiate mating in real life. Paint The Paleolithic period (35,000 to 10,000 B.C.E) The Lascaux paintings of France cont… The Paleolithic period (35,000 to 10,000 B.C.E) The Woman of Willendorf, Austria ca. 25,000 – 20,000 B.C.E, limestone, 4 3/8” (11cm) • “Venus” figurine. • Enlarged breast and abdomen. • Possible in pre-birth state. • Intended to promote fertility. • Heads, arms, and hands stylized. Sculpture (ceramic) The Neolithic period (8,000 B.C.E to 3,000 B.C.E) The Neolithic period post-dates the Paleolithic period. It is a period when people of the old stone age began to farm, plow, plant seeds, grow crops, and domesticate animals. Hunters and gatherers became herders and farmers and permanent settlement developed. Wall paintings, ritual and religion, and sculpture continue to flourish through trade and interaction. ADVANCEMENTS OF THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD Metallurgy (the working of metals) • The mining of tin and copper, and combining these to create bronze, to make weapons, tools, and jewelry. • Stone too continues to be refined through craft. Architecture • Buildings and structures were constructed using stone, tree/plant material, and mud. 3rd Millennium BC silver cup from Marvdasht, Fars, with linear-Elamite inscription. Iran provenance… Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England The Neolithic period (8,000 B.C.E to 3,000 B.C.E) cont. Shang Dynasty two-handled bronze gefuding gui Mycenaean sword found in Romania Assorted Celtic bronze castings (Bronze Age) Grenoble (French) cuirass An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. Neolithic stone implements are by definition polished and, except for specialty items, not chipped. Reconstruction of Neolithic house in Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina Skara Brae, Scotland. Evidence of home furnishings (shelves). Also, take note of the post and lintel system… Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, Wilshire, England, completed 2000 B.C.E. Computer rendering of the overall site https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qzLHZJWsKUA Plan of Stonehenge in 2004. After Cleal et al. and Pitts. Italicised numbers in the text refer to the labels on this plan. Trilithon lintels omitted for clarity. Holes that no longer, or never, contained stones are shown as open circles. Stones visible today are shown coloured… Mesopotamia: The Cradle of Civilization Mesopotamia civilization (complex society) developed in the valley between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It is a Greek word meaning “the land between two rivers.” Mesopotamian society begin sometime between 3,500 and 3,000 B.C.E. by the Sumerians. MESOPOTAMIA (major peoples) 1. The Sumerians 2. The people of Akkad 3. The Babylonians 4. The Assyrians Sumer, the Sumerians (zenith 2800-2700 B.C.E) lived at the Southern end of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers 1. Each Sumerian city-state had its own local god and its own local ruler/prince. 2. Each city-state buildings and structures circling the temple of the city’s god. 3. Sumerians were polytheistic, that is there were many gods. 4. People often embodied the gods and their energies… 5. Most well known King was GILGAMESH (ca. 2700 B.C.E) of Uruk… The Sumerians at the Musée de Louvre, Paris The Sumerians at the Musée de Louvre, Paris cont.. The Sumerians at the Musée de Louvre, Paris cont.. The Sumerians at the Musée de Louvre, Paris cont.. The Sumerians at the Musée de Louvre, Paris cont.. The Sumerians at the Musée de Louvre, Paris cont.. The Sumerians at the Musée de Louvre, Paris cont.. The Sumerians at the Musée de Louvre, Paris cont.. The Sumerians at the Musée de Louvre, Paris cont.. The Sumerians at the Musée de Louvre, Paris cont.. The Statue of Ebih-Il is a 25th-century BC statue of the praying figure of Ebih-Il, superintendent of the ancient city-state of Mari in Eastern Syria. The Sumerians at the Musée de Louvre, Paris cont.. The Sumerians at the Musée de Louvre, Paris cont.. By about 3,000 B.C.E., the Sumerians were using a written language, that today is largely known from clay tablets. The writing is known as CUNIFORM • Began as a pictograph system… • Shown as wedge-shaped characters. • Developed to keep track of agricultural records. The Sumerians at the Musée de Louvre, Paris cont.. The cuneiform script underwent considerable changes over a period of more than two millennia. The image below shows the development of the sign SAG "head" (Borger nr. 184, U+12295 𒊕 ). Stages: 1. Shows the pictogram as it was drawn around 3000 B.C.E. 2. Shows the rotated pictogram as written around 2800 B.C.E. 3. The abstracted glyph in archaic inscriptions, from c. 2600 B.C.E. 4. Is the sign as written in clay, contemporary to stage 3. 5. Represents the late 3rd millennium. 6. Represents the early 2nd millennium, as adopted into Hittite. 7. As written by Assyrian scribes in the early 1st millennium. The Sumerians at the Musée de Louvre, Paris cont.. The Sumerians at the Musée de Louvre, Paris cont.. The Sumerians at the Musée de Louvre, Paris cont.. Mesopotamian map drawing exercise... Page 4, Map 1.1 The Semitic people of Akkad (zenith 2350-2200 B.C.E) conquered all of the city-states of Sumer. 1. Sumerian cities, under Akkadian rulership, lived oppressively… 1. Only a few Akkadian monuments exists, and no structures. 1. There is record in cuneiform, as this tradition continued. 1. The city is referenced in Genesis ַ ( Accad). 10:10 ד א ַכ 1. King SARAGON I and his grandson/successor NARAM-SIN are best known… Ishtar was the goddess of love, war, fertility, and sexuality. The Semitic people of Akkad (zenith 2350-2200 B.C.E) cont. The Semitic people of Akkad (zenith 2350-2200 B.C.E) cont. Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, ca. 2300-2200 B.C.E, 6’- 6”, Musée du Louvre, Paris. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OY79AuGZDNI WATCH NOW! The people of Akkad at the Musée de Louvre, Paris The people of Akkad at the Musée de Louvre, Paris cont. The people of Akkad at the Musée de Louvre, Paris cont. The people of Akkad at the Musée de Louvre, Paris cont. The people of Akkad at the Musée de Louvre, Paris cont. Gudea, prince/ruler of Lagash (ca. 2144-2124 B.C.) • Under Gudea the arts and commercialism flourished. • Woman owned land… • Debts.' were forgiven… The people of Akkad at the Musée de Louvre, Paris cont. The people of Akkad at the Musée de Louvre, Paris cont. The city-state of Babylon (1900 B.C.E to 1600 B.C.E) and HAMMURABI (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E)… first great King... 1. Around 1900 B.C.E a nomadic tribe known as the Amorites from the Arab peninsula established a city in Babylon. 2. In 1792 B.C.E Hammurabi, took power, uniting Sumerian and Akkadian city-states. 3. Babylon was the largest city from c. 1770 to 1670 B.C.E. 4. In the Hebrew bible the name appears as ָבבֶל, in the book of Genesis (11:9), it means bilbél, "to confuse”. The city-state of Babylon (1900 B.C.E to 1600 B.C.E) and HAMMURABI (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E). cont… The Law Code of Hammurabi ca. 1760 B.C.E, basalt, 7’ stele, 28”. 1. Code consists of 282 laws arranged in six chapters… • • • • • • Personal property Land Trade and commerce Family Maltreatment Labor 2. Hammurabi code is the earliest known written code of laws. The city-state of Babylon (1900 B.C.E to 1600 B.C.E) and HAMMURABI (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E). cont… The Law Code of Hammurabi ca. 1760 B.C.E, basalt, 7’ stele, 28”. The relief at the top shows Shamash, the Sun God who controlled plant life and weather. He is shown elevated and seated, handing Hammurabi the law code. Hammurabi is poised, standing, ready to receive the laws… The city-state of Babylon (1900 B.C.E to 1600 B.C.E) and HAMMURABI (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E). cont… The Law Code of Hammurabi ca. 1760 B.C.E, basalt, 7’ stele, 28”. § 8 – If any one steal cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it belong to a god or to the court, the thief shall pay thirtyfold therefor; if they belonged to a freed man of the king he shall pay tenfold; if the thief has nothing with which to pay he shall be put to death. § 59 – If a man cut down a tree in a man's orchard, without the consent of the owner of the orchard, he shall pay one-half mina of silver. § 196-201 – If a man destroy the eye of another man, they shall destroy his eye. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_w5NGOHbgTw The city-state of Babylon (1900 B.C.E to 1600 B.C.E) and HAMMURABI (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E). cont… The fall of Babylon (1550 B.C.E), the Neo-Babylon (648 B.C.E) and the Assyrians (1250 B.C.E to 612 B.C.E). 1. Assyrian culture began sometime in 1250 BC, but was at its height 900 B.C.E to 612 B.C.E 2. It was an imperialistic culture mobilized for land conquest. 3. Much of Assyrian sculpture (reliefs and statues in the round) show Assyrians in battle and lions with wings and human heads. 4. The Assyrians undertook a major rebuilding of Babylon, and by 648 B.C.E it was flourishing… Assyrian head of winged bull, 9th c. B.C.E The fall of Babylon (1550 B.C.E), the Neo-Babylon (648 B.C.E) and the Assyrians (900 B.C.E to 612 B.C.E). Nineveh, capital city of the the Assyrian empire Human-Headed Winged Lions (lamassu) at the Musée du Louvre, Paris, France. Human-Headed Winged Lions (lamassu) at the Musée du Louvre, Paris, France. cont… Human-Headed Winged Lions (lamassu) at the Musée du Louvre, Paris, France. cont… Human-Headed Winged Lions (lamassu) at the Musée du Louvre, Paris, France. cont… https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2GrvBLKaRSI Nebuchadnezzar’s Babylon (r. 604-562 B.C.E) Nebuchadnezzar’s Babylon (r. 604-562 B.C.E) Nebuchadnezzar’s Babylon (r. 604-562 B.C.E) cont.. Nebuchadnezzar’s Babylon (r. 604-562 B.C.E) cont.. Nebuchadnezzar’s Babylon (r. 604-562 B.C.E) cont… Nebuchadnezzar’s Babylon (r. 604-562 B.C.E) cont… Nebuchadnezzar’s Babylon (r. 604-562 B.C.E) cont… Nebuchadnezzar’s Babylon (r. 604-562 B.C.E) cont… Nebuchadnezzar’s Babylon (r. 604-562 B.C.E) cont… Nebuchadnezzar’s Babylon (r. 604-562 B.C.E) cont… Nebuchadnezzar’s Babylon (r. 604-562 B.C.E) cont… https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I END