Download Review Sheet for Reform Era Test

Review Sheet for Final Exam: Know this and you will be OK!
Early Republic:
Washington – Hamilton v. Jefferson debate, Hamilton’s Financial Plan, Whiskey Rebellion, French
Rev./Britain v. France, Jay’s Treaty, Farewell Address
Adams – Quasi War, Alien and Sedition Acts, Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, problems with
TJ, problems with Federalists
TJ- Election of 1800, his vision vs. Federalist vision for the country, Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and
Clark, Embargo Act, impeachment of Federalist judges, Marbury v. Madison
Madison- War of 1812, Native American issues
Monroe: Monroe Doctrine, Adams-Onis Treaty, Supreme Court cases: McCulloch v. Maryland and
Gibbons v. Ogden, nationalism
JQ Adams: Election of 1824 (why was it so important and why so shady?), birth of the tariff on
imported goods
Jacksonian Era:
Andrew Jackson: nullification (remember the cartoon?), Native American issues, Bank War, birth
of the Whig party, how did he change the Presidency?
Whig party: ideology, leaders, etc.
Martin Van Buren: economic woes
William Henry Harrison: 1840 election
John ‘His Accidency’ Tyler: ineffectiveness, Texas becoming a state, political tension during term
James K. Polk: Expansionist, Mexican War, Mullet
Zachary Taylor: California, Compromise of 1850, iced milk and cherries: a bad choice
Millard Fillmore: ineffective, did have running water in the White House
Franklin Pierce: ineffective, Kansas Nebraska Act, Bleeding Kansas
Reforms
2nd Great Awakening:
Main difference between 1st Great Awakening and the 2nd Great Awakening?
What did this movement encourage people to do?
What was the ‘burned over’ district?
What were some of the new denominations (like Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians)
Lyman Beecher
Women’s Rights
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Lucretia Mott
Why was the Seneca Falls Convention so important?
Why did so many women want to join the abolition movement?
What were some things that women weren’t allowed to do back in the 1800s?
Susan B. Anthony
Utopianism
Oneida Community- rules?
New Harmony
Temperance
What was it all about?
What were the two reasons why they didn’t like alcohol? (think about families)
‘Drunkard’s Progress’ political cartoon
Health Reform
Why would health care need to be reformed back then?
What were some of the medical procedures performed back then?
What were some foods/drinks that were invented because of this movement?
Prison Reform
Dorothea Dix
Auburn System
What were prisons like before they were reformed?
Who would be locked up together in the old system?
Abolitionism
William Lloyd Garrison
Why did they want to free slaves?
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Frederick Douglass
How did the South feel about this?
How did they differ from each other?
Immigration: where they settled, why they came here, and what types of jobs did they get?
Irish
German
Post Civil War differences: Italians, Chinese, Japanese, Polish, Russian, Greek, etc.
N.I.N.A.
1800s Economics: Key terms, important people, acts, etc.
Market Revolution
Free Enterprise/Capitalism
Banking
Difference between North and South
Industrial Revolution
Samuel Slater
Cotton Gin
Textile Mills
Sectionalism
What was produced in the Northwest? Northeast?
“New” Immigrants: who were they?, Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives
Push/Pull factors…
Railroads… key figures, why they became so powerful, and why they helped modernize and bring
together the whole country.
Steel: role of Andrew Carnegie, Bessemer Process, why steel became so important, US Steel
Oil: role of Standard Oil, Rockefeller’s incredible wealth, why oil became so important
JP Morgan: how he financed most of the first major corporations, how ruthless he could be…
Urban Renewal: Parks, Public sanitation and sewers, improved transportation, electric lights
Inventions: light bulb, automobile, telephone, internal combustion engine, and the race for patents
and eventual monopolies.
Transportation: Terms, Impact, etc.
Canals: where were they built, how did they affect things?
Roads/Turnpikes: What did they do?
Steamboats: Who invented them, how did they change transportation?
Railroads: North/South Distribution
Slavery: issues, problems
Why so many slaves?
Southern society?
Uncle Tom’s Cabin: impact, what was it about?, who was bothered by it?
Nat Turner’s revolt – know about his confession
Denmark Vesey’s revolt
Civil War
I.
Political-
1. Why did the Republican Party scare the South?
2. 1860 Election
a. Candidates?
i. Republican –
ii. Democrat (more than one!)
iii. Otherb. Importance of the Cooper Union speech – how did it help Lincoln’s
chances?
c. Why did the Democrats split, and how did that help Lincoln?
d. Why did Lincoln scare Southerners if he was moderate?
3. How did secession hurt the Democrats?
4. Opposition during the war –
a. Peace Democrats aka Copperheads – how were they able to affect Lincoln’s
policies?
5. How did Lincoln explain his actions regarding habeas corpus and restricting
freedom of the press?
6. How did military outcomes affect political ones?
II.
Military stuff
a. Advantages/disadvantages:
i. Union (3 or 4):
ii. Confederate (3 or 4):
b. Battles:
i. Ft. Sumter – beginning of the conflict
ii. First Bull Run/Manassas – Confederate victory, proved war would
not last 90 days
iii. Peninsula Campaign aka McClellan messed up vs. what was going
on out west with Grant and Sherman:
iv. Antietam:
1. What was at stake for Lincoln?
2. What was at stake for the Confederacy?
3. How did McClellan miss another opportunity?
4. Relation to the Emancipation Proclamation?
v. Chancellorsville:
1. Lee’s greatest and costliest victory – lost Stonewall Jackson
2. Lee felt invincible, so that led to another invasion of the
North
vi. Gettysburg
1. Why there?
2. Why important?
vii. Vicksburg:
1. Strategic importance?
2. Importance for Grant?
viii. Sherman’s March to the Sea: how was it different?
ix. Appomattox
1. How did Grant taking command change things?
2. Why did Lee surrender?
III.
Other things
a. Economic impact:
i. Union – not much, but led to an explosion of different industries and
innovations
ii. Confederacy: a lot of bad things like 9,000% inflation due to
overprinting of paper money, destruction of RRs, property
destroyed, etc.
b. Social impact – some places lose all war age male populations
i. What to do with freed slaves?
ii. How to treat former Confederates?
iii. Over 600K deaths!
Primary Sources (be able to at least summarize them and know their importance):
A. Cooper Union Speech
B. Lincoln’s First Inaugural
C. Stephens’ Cornerstone Speech
D. Second Confiscation Act
E. Emancipation Proclamation
F. Gettysburg Address:
G. 2nd Inaugural Address:
H. Various political cartoons gone over in class and in readings.
Reconstruction
Carpetbagger: Northerners who went South to assist with Reconstruction, usually swindled the
people in the South
Scalawag: Southerners who either cooperated with Reconstruction, were Republican/Unionist
Johnson's Plan: Blanket amnesty (forgive everyone no matter what they did)... as long as you
weren't a prominent Confederate, you were allowed back in the Union. He also allowed for
personal pardons. Wanted states to ratify 13th Amendment. He didn't necessarily want the
blacks to vote yet. This is called Presidential Reconstruction. Every state was ready for readmittance by late 1865. Former Confederates were voted back into Congress, Radical
Republicans didn’t allow them to take their positions.
Lincoln's Plan: 10% of the white male population would give oaths of allegiance... then they
could elect a new state legislature and create a new state constitution that outlawed slavery. May
have allowed blacks the right to vote. (not sure because he died before he could take action)
Congress' Plan: Make states ratify the 13th and 14th Amendments. If you were prominent
Confederate, you can't vote until 1872. Also wanted blacks to vote. Very strict. 3 states held out
until 1877. This is called Congressional Reconstruction.
Radical Republicans: wanted blacks to vote, wanted to punish the South for their
treason. Didn't like Andrew Johnson.... by 1866 they had a 4 to 1 majority in the Senate, and a 31 advantage in the House.
Freedman’s Bureau: set up for freed blacks and poor whites. It set them up with jobs, food, and
temporary shelter. It’s often considered the one successful part of Reconstruction.
13th Amendment: outlawed slavery
14th Amendment: gave blacks citizenship along with anyone born in the US, equal protection
under law
15th Amendment: gave universal suffrage for any male citizen over 21. (blacks could vote)
Grant: surrounded by corruption, his Secretary of War was impeached... the Credit Mobiler
scandal resulted from Congressmen accepting stock in exchange for nicer legislation for railroads
Johnson's impeachment: got impeached for violating the Tenure of Office Act... he fired Edwin
Stanton, his Secretary of War... got acquitted by 1 vote.
Johnson’s Impeachment: House of Representatives impeached Andrew Johnson, the Senate
then voted not to convict him by 1 vote.
Congressional Reconstruction... Congress plan
Presidential Reconstruction... Johnson's plan
Grant's laws... protect civil rights (felony if you do so), protect voting rights (federal offense),
crack down on groups like the KKK (KKK law)
Bulldozing... where Southern Democrats pushed blacks away from the polls... resulted in
250,000 lost votes.
Civil Rights Cases... Supreme Court declared parts of Grant's laws unconstitutional... also pretty
much said that segregation was OK.
Election of 1876... Hayes (Republican) vs. Tilden (Democrat)
Controversy over the election: 3 Southern states had really close results, and alot of voting
'irregularities' happened there. Votes had to be ratified by both houses of Congress... but Senate
was Republican and the House was Democrat... no way to resolve it.
Congress sent a panel (called an Election Commission) of 5 Senators, 5 Representatives, and
5 Supreme Court Justices to investigate the 3 states. There were 7 Democrats, 7 Republicans,
and 1 Independent (who happened to be a closeted Republican)
They vote 8 to 7 for Hayes. Congressional Democrats threaten a filibuster (where you waste
time so you can't hold a vote). Some Republicans and moderate Democrats meet in secret for a
compromise.
Compromise of 1877: Hayes agrees to 3 things: Pull troops out of the remaining states (Florida,
South Carolina, and Louisiana), rebuild the levees along the Mississippi, and choose a
Southerner for Postmaster General (that way the South actually can control something for
themselves)
Hayes becomes President
Problems: Ends Reconstruction, leaves Southern blacks exposed to the 'Jim Crow laws' like
segregation, poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses. Blacks didn't officially regain their
Civil Rights until 1964, and Segregation didn't end until 1954 (Brown vs. Board of Education)