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HOW DO CELLS METABOLIZE?
How do they do all these chemical
reactions???
CELL THEORY
ALL LIVING THINGS are made of CELLS.
ALL CELLS arise from (come from) other CELLS.
CELLS are the smallest STRUCTURE of life.
CELLS can carry out ALL FUNCTIONS of life.
Even 1- celled little microbes…
CELL THEORY
ALL LIVING THINGS are made of CELLS.
ALL CELLS arise from (come from) other CELLS.
CELLS are the smallest STRUCTURE of life.
CELLS can carry out ALL FUNCTIONS of life.
YOU SHOULD ALREADY HAVE THIS.
Even 1- celled little microbes…
So, what ARE these functions?
Discussion point in pairs…
ALL CELLS must:
absorb & use
ENERGY…
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz
4V699gk
• even little one-celled guys
need to eat.
ALL CELLS must:
ABSORB & USE
ENERGY…
ALL CELLS must:
ABSORB & USE
ENERGY…
chemical energy
of course
ALL CELLS must:
absorb & use
energy to GROW…
ALL CELLS must:
absorb & use
energy to GROW…
ALL CELLS must:
absorb & use energy to
GROW & REPRODUCE…
• stentor budding…weird reproduction
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F
cCvhYmjaXE
CELL THEORY
All LIVING THINGS are made of CELLS.
All CELLS arise from (come from) other CELLS.
CELLS are the smallest STRUCTURE of life.
A CELL can carry out ALL FUNCTIONS of life.
ABSORB & USE ENERGY to GROW &
REPRODUCE (sexually or asexually)
Even 1- celled little microbes…
What’s the difference between
SEXUAL reproduction & ASEXUAL
reproduction?
NOOOOOOOO!
SEXUAL
ASEXUAL
What’s the difference between SEXUAL
reproduction & ASEXUAL reproduction?
SEXUALLY
• GENETICALLY
ORIGINAL
OFFSPRING
ASEXUALLY
• CELLS SPLIT
INTO CLONES
What’s the difference between SEXUAL
reproduction & ASEXUAL reproduction?
SEXUALLY
• GENETICALLY
ORIGINAL
OFFSPRING
ASEXUALLY
• CELLS SPLIT
INTO CLONES
CELL THEORY
All LIVING THINGS are made of CELLS.
All CELLS arise from (come from) other CELLS.
CELLS are the smallest STRUCTURE of life.
A CELL can carry out ALL FUNCTIONS of life.
use ENERGY to GROW & REPRODUCE
(sexually or asexually)
Even 1- celled little microbes…
and ALL these CELL FUNCTIONS
REQUIRE CHEMICAL
REACTIONS to WORK!
FATS
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
S
and ALL these CELL FUNCTIONS
REQUIRE CHEMICAL
REACTIONS to WORK!
(aka METABOLISM)
FATS
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
WHERE IN THE CELL do all
our chemical reactions
take place?
CELL : ORGANELLES
AS RIVER BASINS : _________?
A.
B.
C.
D.
ESTUARIES
WATER SHEDS
RUN-OFF
UNCONFORMITIES
CELL : ORGANELLES
AS RIVER BASINS : _________?
A.
B.
C.
D.
ESTUARIES
WATER SHEDS
RUN-OFF
UNCONFORMITIES
CELL : ORGANELLES
AS USA : _________?
A.
B.
C.
D.
CITIES
STATES
COUNTRIES
PEOPLE
CELL : ORGANELLES
AS USA : _________?
A.
B.
C.
D.
CITIES
STATES
COUNTRIES
PEOPLE
CELL : ORGANELLES
AS MOLECULES : _________?
A.
B.
C.
D.
ATOMS
COMPOUNDS
MIXTURES
REACTIONS
CELL : ORGANELLES
AS MOLECULES : _________?
A.
B.
C.
D.
ATOMS
COMPOUNDS
MIXTURES
REACTIONS
bring out cell
model, have students
draw basic organelles
to follow…
ALL CELLS HAVE A PERMEABLE
MEMBRANE.
revisit egg drop
Is the ground above an AQUIFER
PERMEABLE or IMPERMEABLE?
The ground above an AQUIFER-PERMEABLE. The bedrock below is
impermeable
ALL CELLS HAVE A PERMEABLE
MEMBRANE.
Do you think a cell membrane is
made of mostly proteins,
carbohydrates or fats?
Which macromolecule are cell
membranes are made of?
FATS (lipids)
examples:
cheese
butter, oils
chocolate
eggs
nuts
avocados
FOR CUSHION &
ENERGY
STORAGE!
CARBOHYDRATES
examples:
soda
cereals
pastas, breads
candy
chips
FRUITS!!!
FOR IMMEDIATE
ENERGY!
PROTEINS
examples:
chicken
beef jerky
pork chops
low-fat milk
seeds
tofu
FOR BUILDING
& REPAIRING
TISSUE!
Hey, hey, HEY!
FAT!
AS A MACROMOLECULE… …STUFFED INSIDE FAT CELLS
…we’d dissolve in our own H2O!
Like that nazi in Indiana Jones
Diffusion through the membrane
goes both ways.
When the cell needs it,
nutrients diffuse through
the membrane into the cell.
If too much stuff is
inside the cell, it will
leave.
Osmosis works just like diffusion, but
with water molecules not nutrients.
• Water enters the permeable
membrane when it needs
water.
• Water leaves the cell when
there is too much inside.
Osmosis/diffusion means water/
nutrient levels BALANCE inside &
outside the cell.
EGG DIP: diffusion & osmosis
Dropped in
EGG
#1
#2
#3
Mass before
(grams)
Mass after OBSERVATIONS:
(grams)
DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS: cells let in
stuff they need and get rid of
excess stuff they don’t.
ALL CELLS HAVE A FATTY
PERMEABLE MEMBRANE to let
nutrients in & out of the cell.
But PLANT CELLS need
an EXTRA layer of
protection!
WHY?
Do plants have a skeletal system?
• NO!
Can PLANTS move out of the way?
• NO!
PLANT CELL MEMBRANES have extra
CELL WALLS for strength & protection!
PLANT CELL MEMBRANES have extra
CELL WALLS for strength & protection!
What happens
AFTER nutrients
ENTER the cell?
Once the proteins, fats & carbohydrates
get into the cell, what happens NEXT?
Animal & plant proteins you ate are chemically
decomposed in your digestive system into smaller
molecules called amino acids.
BIG CHICKEN PROTEIN X  15 AMINO ACIDS
These amino acids are small enough molecules to get
through the cell membrane where organelles called
RIBOSOMES rebuild them into HUMAN PROTEINS.
15 AMINO ACIDS  BIG HUMAN PROTEIN Z
_____________________
_______________
15,000 ribosomes PER CELL!!!
15,000 ribosomes PER CELL!!!
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS:
How cells grow & repair your body
one chemical reaction at-a-time!
http://www.mathemagic.org/MOBM/proteins.htm
PROTEIN MOLECULES are largest molecules your
ribosomes synthesize to make most your cell parts.
cool fact…
MUSCLE & BONE CELLS
ARE FULL OF PROTEINS!
Our body gets rid of excess
protein molecules through
hair and fingernails!
But HOW do these amazing
RIBOSOMES in your cells know EXACTLY
which PROTEIN to build?
They need INSTRUCTIONS!
But HOW do these amazing
RIBOSOMES in your cells know EXACTLY
which PROTEIN to build?
They need INSTRUCTIONS! But from WHERE?
DNA is molecular
instructions on
how to grow more
of your cells.
DNA is molecular
instructions on
how to grow more
of your cells.
Your DNA is STORED
inside the NUCLEUS
in each of your cells.
DNA molecules inside the cell’s NUCLEUS controls the
production of proteins in our cells!
WHY DO ALL YOUR
CELLS HAVE THE
SAME
DNA INSTRUCTIONS
INSIDE THEM?
DNA is molecular
instructions on
how to grow more
of your cells.
Your DNA is STORED
inside the NUCLEUS
in each of your cells.
Imagine if only some cells had only
partial instructions on how to build
you. How would THAT work out?
Not well, probably.
Cut into a
bacterium cell, &
all you’ll find is
DNA.
All LIVING THINGS are made of CELLS.
All CELLS arise from (come from) other CELLS.
CELLS are the smallest _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of life.
Eventually everything all the organelles
inside a cell DOUBLES up. What can
happen next?
MITOSIS is when the NUCLEUS of a
REGULAR CELL splits perfectly in TWO!!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGV3fv-uZYI
sperm
egg
SEX (reproductive) CELLS split in
two a bit differently!
How are sex cells different from your
regular cells (brain, bone, etc.)?
sperm
egg
Each of these cells should
have only ½ the DNA
Sex (reproductive) cells split in two
a bit differently!
The reason is
obvious…
MITOSIS

REGULAR CELLS split
in TWO
MEIOSIS

SEX CELLS split in
TWO--TWICE
MITOSIS

REGULAR CELLS split
in TWO
MEIOSIS

SEX CELLS split in
TWO--TWICE
End….
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