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Running head: TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Telecommunications
Ohida Sultana
Kaplan University
June 19, 2015
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS
White Paper Template
The benefit of business creates a whitepaper format with a particular methodology. “A
whitepaper is a persuasive, authoritative, in-depth report on a specific topic that presents a
problem and provides a solution”(Kolowich, 2014). Every template has some segments
including length, structure, density, format and style. It is very useful for business purposes. This
is a white paper about telecommunications that needs a white paper format, but I write a research
paper about telecommunications with APA format.
Telecommunication Channel Characteristics
Telecommunication is an electronic signal that exchanges information over significant
distance by electrical wire or cable via telephone, radio and television.
Simplex Channel
Simplex Channel transmissions and signals are transmitted only one direction. One
station (transmitter) send data and other station (receiver) receive it. The information will be
broadcast only one time. For example: Television, Radio, computer to printer communication,
keyboard to computer.
Half-Duplex Channel
Half-Duplex channel transmissions and signals may be transmitted both directions, but
only one at a time. Half-Duplex channel is a one-lane bridge where one side can talk at a time.
One station has finished transmitting its data then other station can respond it. It is one node data
transmission A collision well be occurred on the network when both try to talk at the same time.
For example: CB radio, Walkie-Talkie, Wi-Fi connection.
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Full-Duplex Channel
Full-Duplex channel data can be transmitted both directions simultaneously for a
single carrier. The both station can send and receive data at the same time. It is a two-lane bridge
that is collision free and faster data transmissions. For example: Telephone, Switch and UTP
Ethernet cable, and LAN connection.
Bandwidth Channel
The spectrum of an electronic signal is transmitted one point to another point with
the range of frequencies by a given time period. Channel bandwidth can transferred more
information at a same time. Data transfer rate is expressed with Bits per second (bps), Megabits
per second (Mbps), Gigabits per second (Gbps). An electronic signal uses a medium frequency
signal component. It is measured in hertz (cycles per second). It is most useful for mobile
services.
Broadband Communications:
Broadband Communications is high speeds communication systems that can
transmit data very quickly. It is typically provide channel for data that can be transmitted in
different directions by many different users. For examples: wireless network, the coaxial CATV
system, DSL, ATM, and ISDN.
Network
The number of computers in use worldwide that need to connected each other or linked
through printers, software, devices, cables, telephone lines, and satellites are need to use the
network connection.
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Wide Area Network (WAN)
WAN networks generally cover a large geographical area. It is a telecommunications
network that has a number of interconnection with switching nodes. If one device is routed form
a transmission, than the destination device find out these these internal nodes. It is providing
switching facilities for moving the data from node to node until its reach the destination. WAN
communication provides the electronic flow of data across the national borders with national and
international laws regulation.
Local Area Network (LAN)
LAN networks Generally cover a small area such as home, office or several floors in
a building. It is used unshielded twisted-pair and fiber-optic cable. LAN has a different
configuration such as switched LANs, and wireless LANs. It has peer-to-peer network that
computer can share files to hardware device such as printer.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
MAN is a telecommunications network. It is cover a geographical area that spans a
town or city. It is lager than LAN and smaller than WAN. MAN uses the fiber optical cable with
high-speed connections. It cannot own by a single organization.
Difference between client/server and peer to peer network
Peer to Peer Network
It has no central server, central storage or
Client/Server
It has centralized security database.
authentication of user.
This network shares files equally for each
It is control access to shared resources on
workstation and user can access most files.
server.
Home or small business installed peer-to-peer
A big organization such as school installed
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network.
client/server network.
It is inexpensive to set up without security.
It is expensive with security.
Each workstation can support about ten clients.
Each workstation can support a lot of clients.
Unsecure user name and password
Secure user name and password.
It is generally simple.
It is more complex.
Its need a basic operating system.
Its need a special operating system.
It is difficult to back up and protect data.
It easer to back up and protect data.
The number of nodes increase makes a big
The node can increase easily as needed.
problem.
Recommends Network Type
Wireless Network
A wireless local-area network (LAN) is widely used in business environments. It is
radio waves to connect devices (such as laptop, tablet, iPad/iPhone, kindle) to the Internet and
the business network. Its provide a lot of benefit for the area of mobility and easy of installation
and configuration.
Wireless network has a facility with cross-building interconnection that is used point-topoint wireless link. The wireless links provide nomadic access between a LAN hub and a mobile
data terminal equipped with an antenna. “The utility of such a connection is to enable an
employee returning from a trip to transfer data from a personal portable computer to a server in
the office. Nomadic access is also useful in an extended environment such as a business
operating out of a cluster building” (Stallings, 2007,P.526). This access is useful for user to
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move around the various locations with their portable computer. Wireless network provide
robust security protection and it is a low cost system.
Telecommunications Hardware
Router
This communications device is useful to connect between two or more distinct networks.
It is follow the packet switching network that the data is broken into packets. Each packet will be
transmitted between sender to recipient individually and capable of taking various paths. A
packet may be travelled through a number of points with router after that is arrived in the
destination. It is very large and heavy-duty pieces of hardware. It is handle a huge amount of
traffic. Router has both connections such as wired and wireless. It is provided a wireless
connection that is called wireless router.
Modem
It is a telecommunication hardware device that convert modulate and demodulate data
signals and can be transmitted over the communication media. Modem is the first two letters
‘mo’ means modulation that means digital signals are translated into analog signals such as
telephone line is analog signal. Other hand, the last three letters ‘dem’ means demodulation that
means analog signals are translated into digital signals such as computer is digital signal. The
different types of modems are the high-speed cable and DSL connection such as cable modem,
cellular modem, DSL and VoIP modem. The first analog modem transmitted 300bps, now the
high-speed cable analog modem can support up to 50 Mbps. Wireless modem connect to user
and computer from wireless network.
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Multiplexers
It is a communication device sends multiple signals or data streams over a
communication link at a same time. The sender sends a complex signals and receiver recovers
the separate signals that process called de-multiplexing. It is selected low-speed analog and
digital input signals that is converted high-speed analog and digital signals within a signal shared
device or transmission conductor such as a copper wire or fiber optical cable. It is reduced the
number of communications links and cost. Multiplexing is used to long-distance phone lines with
many phones call and high-speed signal transmitted on a single long-distance phone line It has
multiple input switch and single output switch.
Network Security
The business organization needs to protect their network with automated tools such as
encryption with symmetric encryption. The symmetric encryption shares a single
encryption/decryption key. A public-key also provides two keys, one for encryption and a paired
key for decryption. The secure networking applications are Symmetric encryption and public-key
encryption. The business organizations more important evident such as their files and their other
information that is store on the computer need to protect from thwart hacker. “The generic name
for the collection of the tools designed to protect data and to thwart hackers is computer security”
(Stallings, 2007,p .703). Other issue, the network distribution systems use for communications
facility that is carrying data between computer and computer, and also terminal user and
computer. These systems can be affected the computer security, so the computer is needed to
protect data during the data transmission and need to guarantee that transmissions are authentic
that is called network security.
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The business organization needs both network security such as hardware and software.
The network security system has many software components such as Anti-virus and Antispyware, Firewall (ACL, DMG, Router), Intrusion prevent system (IPS), Virtual Private
Networks (VPNs) to protect the computer form viruses, worms, and Trojan horses, spyware and
adware, hacker attacks, identity theft.
The network security is most important for all business organizations. It is protected
most important business assets and protected a business’s reputation. It is reduces the risk of
legal action from data theft. For these reasons, all business organization need to reset their entire
password, update the network server, update the computer applications, and also run antiviruses
software with daily basis.
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Reference
Stair, R & Reynolds, G. (2012). Chapter 5: Database system, Data centers, and Business
Intelligence. (Eleventh Edition). Principle of Information Systems. (Pp.251-291), Boston, MA
Stallings, William. (2007). (Eighth Edition). Data And Computer Communications.
(Pp.524-528, 702-711). Pearson Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, NJ
Kolowich, Lindsay. (2014,June). What Is a Whitepaper? Retrieved form
http://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/what-is-whitepaper-faqs
Wolf, Micheal. (2002, April). Home Networking: What Type Is Best? [Blog post]. Retrieved
form
http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=26437&seqNum=3