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1795-1815 Corsica Napoleon Crossing the Alps In 1796 - Jacques Louis David Napoleon Crossing the Alps Today - Unknown The Consulate 1799-1804 • In 1799, Napoleon stages a Coup d ‘etat and forms a new government The Consulate •He is named First Consul in a plebiscite Napoleonic Reforms • Kept many changes from the revolution • Supported laws that strengthened central gvt. • Set up an efficient tax collection system • Established a national banking system • Create lycees (public schools) open to all male children •Made peace with the church in The Concordant of 1801. •Developed the Napoleonic Code. The Napoleonic Code •Gave country a uniform set of laws. •Limited individual liberty and promoted authority over individual rights. •Restored slavery in the French colonies of the Caribbean. The French Empire •In 1804 he holds a second plebiscite creating the French Empire and becomes Emperor of France Coronation of Emperor Napoleon I (1804) Crowning of Empress Josephine Napoleon’s Domination of Europe • After becoming emperor, Napoleon began preparing an invasion of Great Britain • In 1805, the British declared war on France and formed the Third Coalition • Two major battles decided the fate of this Coalition. They were: • The Battle of Cape Trafalgar • The Battle of Austerlitz Battle of Cape Trafalgar October 21, 1805 Admiral Horatio Nelson Napoleon planned to destroy the British navy and invade England A combined French and Spanish fleet lured the British into a battle off the southern coast of Spain The British under Admiral Horatio Nelson destroyed the fleet. However, Nelson was killed in the battle The defeat caused Napoleon to abandon plans to invade Britain Battle of Austerlitz (December 2, 1805) The Russians were forced to flee back to Poland The Austrians signed a treaty making them an ally of France. Napoleon broke up The Napoleon crushed a Holy Roman Empire and combined Austrian and formed the Confederation Russian Army at the small of the Rhine. He added it Austrian town of to his empire. Austerlitz, by luring them into a trap Napoleon’s Defeat of Prussia 1806-1807 Arc de Triomphe, Paris Built in 1807 to commemorate Napoleon’s victories • After Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine, the Prussians began to fear his plans for the German territory • The Prussians decided to attack the French unaided. Big Mistake! • French and Prussian forces met in two major battles which gave Napoleon control of Western Europe. They were: • The Battle of Jena • The Battle of Friedland The Continental System 1806-1812 • In an attempt to crush the British economy, Napoleon ordered all European countries to stop trading with England. This was known as the Continental System. • Britain responded with Orders in Council, blockading European ports. • The navies of both sides seized neutral ships, especially American ship. • In the long run, France was hurt more by the Continental System than was England The Peninsular Campaign (1808-1814) Portugal refused to join the Continental System. In 1808, Napoleon decided to invade and force them to join After defeating Portugal, Napoleon tried to conquer Spain and place his brother Joseph on the throne. Intense Spanish nationalism led to savage guerilla warfare between the Spanish people and French troops The campaign dragged on for 6 years. More than 300,000 French soldiers died. These men would be needed later. The Spanish success aroused Nationalism throughout Europe, and inspired subjected countries to fight back The Russian Campaign 1812 •Invade Russia to force them back into the Continental System •Started with 600,000 men. Largest in history •Russians retreated slowly as winter set in •Napoleon’s troops got caught in Moscow during winter and were forced to retreat •Most disastrous retreat in military history •By the end of the campaign only 10,000 men remained. •Biggest mistake in Napoleon’s reign. Defeat at the Battle of Nations Leipzig Oct 16-19, 1814 • After the disastrous Russian campaign Napoleon returned to Paris and organized a new army. • The Fourth Coalition was formed to crush him while he was weakened. • From Oct. 16-19, 1814 the “Battle of Nations” raged in Leipzig. (Prussia) • Napoleon was defeated and forced to abdicate. • He was allowed to retain his title but was exiled to the island of Elba on the condition that he remain there. Napoleon’s Downfall • After Leipzig Louis XVIII was restored as king of France. •While European leaders met at the Congress of Vienna to address the problems of the revolution and wars, Napoleon escaped and returned to France •This was known as the “Hundred Days” in which he regained control. Louis XVIII was forced into exile. •Napoleon began building a new army. • Napoleon’s Final Downfall •The Fourth Coalition was reformed and set out to face Napoleon again. •These armies defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815. •This time he was sent into exile on a desolate island St. Helena in the South Atlantic. •He died in 1821 from stomach cancer. He body was later returned to Paris and lies in honor. • •Napoleon’s body was later returned to Paris where it today lies in an honored position in the chapel of the Les Invalides in Paris near the Eiffel Tower. His body lies inside of six coffins including the outer Mahogany sarcophagus shown above. His tomb is visited by millions annually and he is still revered in France as one of its greatest heroes.