Download A Divided World

GEOG 101 – World Regional Geography
Professor: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
A Divided World
1 - The Three Worlds
2 - The World Bank Classification of Development
3 - The United Nations Classification of Development
4 - The Human Development Index
5 - Inequalities
Classifying Countries
■ We can also classify countries as developed and less
developed.
■ Developed Country Rich North Industrial Good roads,
transportation High Energy Consumption Oil, coal,
nuclear Good health care Clean Water Developing
Country Poor South Agricultural Poor roads,
transportation Little Energy Wood, wind, animal, human
energy Disease and Famine Polluted or little water
■ Sustainable Population Growth
■
■
Growth of the population that is limited to the
number of people that earth can support indefinitely
with available resources.
■
■ Colonialism
■
■
An economic system in which a dominant “mother
country” maintains control over the direction,
organization, capital, investment, technology, and
manufactured products of the dependant colony which
in turn supplies raw materials, agricultural products,
and cheap labour.
■ Neo-colonialism
■
■
Economic imperialism; the control of Northern
economic forces over newly independent countries in
the South.
■ Burden of Debt
■
■
When the accumulated debt of a country forces it
to neglect social spending in vital areas such as health
and education, in turn lowering quality of life, in an
attempt to repay the national debt, usually held by
foreign investors.
■ Balance of Trade
■
■
The difference between the value of exports and
the value of imported goods and services; raw
products produced in the South are often worth less
on the world market than manufactured products from
the North, resulting in an unfavorable balance of trade
for the South.
■ Multinationals
■
■ AKA Transnationals. Enterprises that have their
corporate headquarters in developed countries (North)
but operate a variety of branch companies in many
different parts of the world, particularly Southern
countries.
■
■ Gender Murder
■
■
Determining the gender of a fetus and discarding
the undesirable one based on its gender.
■ Infanticide
■
Causing the death of unwanted babies/children.
■
■ Aid
■
■
Money, food, goods or “considerations” given to a
developing country by one or more governments,
institutions, or agencies. The reasons for giving varyto provide humanitarian help, to promote trade, to
boost sales in the donor country, or to gain political or
military advantage.
■
■ “Average” wealth can be measured in two ways: by
per capita GDP (gross domestic product) or per capita
GNP (gross national product). A country produces
wealth through agriculture, mining, industry and trade.
GDP is the total of a country’s internal (or domestic)
wealth. GNP is the total of GDP plus the country’s
national wealth (including payments made and
received for ‘services’ such as banking, and
insurance). If you divide the GNP by the population of
the country you can discover the average wealth
produced by cash individual (‘per capita’ as it is
called).
■ This is the equation:
■
■ GNP = per capita GNP
■
Population
■
■ Per capita GNP gives a useful clue as to the likely
average wage. The poorest countries in the world
have a per capita GNP of about $150.00.
■
■ Hunger
■
■ Hunger can be measured by average caloric intake:
1600 calories per day is a critical minimum; 2400
calories is the average need.
■
■ Disease & Death
■
■ Disease and death can be measured by infant mortality
rates and the average age of death.
■
■ Education
The Three Worlds
■ Origins
• New American foreign aid policy (1948):
• President Truman.
• Providing financial, technical and military means for recent and fragile
states (facing the communist movement).
• The geopolitical structure of the world was consequently settled for the
next 40 years with three worlds; the First, the Second and the Third.
• Third World:
• Term brought forward in 1952 by the French author Alfred Sauvy.
• Duality between capitalist systems leaning market-based economies and
control-based communist nations.
• What remained were nations that were “ignored, exploited, despised and
wishing to be recognized”.
The Three Worlds
• Ignored:
• Cold War putting the international attention towards the United States and
the Soviet Union.
• Exploitation:
• Almost all of them have been part of the colonial control of a European
country.
• Despised:
• Populated by non-European populations.
• Recognition:
• Early stage of their independence or on the way to be.
The Three Worlds
■ First World countries
• Market economies having a high Gross National Product (GDP)
per capita.
• Generally capitalist democracies having the United States,
Western Europe and Japan as leaders.
• The United States as the pole:
• Military bases around the world and practicing foreign aid policies (neocolonialism) for nations within its area of influence.
■ Second World countries
• Centrally planned economies; from socialism to communism.
• Average GDP per capita and a well-developed industrial
structure.
• The USSR as the pole:
• Satellite nations in Eastern Europe and allies in Asia, Africa and Latin
America
The Three Worlds
■ Third World countries
• “Other” nations having diversified political conditions.
• Low GPD per capita and a weak, and sometimes non-existent,
industrial structure.
• Africa, South America and Asia were the stage of several
ideological confrontations between the First and the Second
worlds.
• Several situations of dependency were created between First
World and Third World countries.
• Movements trying to organize Third World countries such as the
League of Nonaligned Nations in the 1960s.
The Three Worlds
Capitalist economies lead
by the United States
Socialist economies
lead by the USSR
East
West
North
South
Area of conflict between the first and the
second world (Korea, Vietnam, Africa, etc.)
Nonaligned nations
East / West Division, 1982
United States
Core USA ally
Pro USA
URSS
Core USSR ally
Pro USSR
Non aligned
The World Bank Classification of Development
■ A new context
• Important political and economic changes from the end of the
1980s.
• Challenged the conventional economic classification of
development as well as the main poles of the world-system.
• Changes from a bipolar organization (East-West) to a multipolar
organization.
• Tendency toward some “homogenization” of political systems
(with numerous exceptions).
• The classification now used is based on economic criteria.
The World Bank Classification of Development
■ Income per capita
• Main classification criteria used by the World Bank.
• The average amount of capital earned by individuals.
• Straightforward relationship between the per capita income and
the economic structure of a nation.
• The higher it is, the more a population is working in the industrial
and services sectors.
• Observation backed by solid evidence drawn from the evolution
of developed economies since the industrial revolution.
Income per Capita, 1993
$695 and less
$696-8,625
$8,626 and more
Not available
The World Bank Classification of Development
■ Patterns
• The GDP per capita underlines the important disparities between
countries of the “North” and of the “South.”
• Does not well illustrate the development potential of the market:
• China has a per capita income slightly over $300 per year, whereas
development opportunities are very high.
• Mali has a similar income per capita, but conditions of the economy are
completely different.
• Income by capita doesn't necessarily represent the purchasing
power:
• The quantity of goods and services a currency can buy.
• The higher the purchasing power is, the more an economy is
developed.
The World Bank Classification of Development
• Purchasing power parity:
• Considers the comparative cost of living (food, lodging, energy, etc.)
between nations.
• A low income country with a low cost of living may have a GDP with PPP
similar to an average income country with a higher cost of living.
United Nations Classification of Economic
Development
■ Structure
• Using several criteria related to income as well as the structure
of the economy and exports.
• Advanced economies:
• High income levels.
• The classifications proposed by the World Bank and by the United
Nations are similar.
• Newly industrialized economies:
• Manufacturing goods represent more than 25% of the GDP and 50% of
the exportations.
• Around 20 countries have experienced a fast and recent industrial growth.
United Nations Classification of Economic
Development
• Petroleum exporting countries:
• Drawing a significant portion of their income from the petroleum industry
(notably its exportation).
• Also defined as “rent economies” having artificially high levels of per
capita income.
• Continent sized countries:
• India and China.
• Low income rural societies are dominant.
• Economic growth is having huge impacts of the demand a raw materials,
goods and services, as well as over urbanization.
• Least advanced economies (LAE):
• Very low per capita GDP (less than $700), a low level of industrialization
(less than 10% of the GDP) and alphabetization (less than 20% of the
population).
• They mostly include African countries.
United Nation Classification of Economic Development
Economies
Underdeveloped
Developing
Newly Industrializing
Advanced
Oil Export / Rent
Human Development Index
■ Nature
• The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite indicator
developed in 1990 by the United Nations Program for
Development (UNPD).
• More complex and representative measure.
■ Definition
• Level of health:
• The variable used is the life expectancy at birth.
• A good health system is likely to improve the life expectancy significantly
in a nation.
• Level of education:
• The alphabetization level and the average years of attending school are
the two variables used.
Human Development Index
• Income:
• It is represented by two transformations on the GDP per capita.
• The first adjust de GDP per capita to take account of the purchasing
power parity.
• The purchasing power parity basically considers the cost of living in each
country and adjusts the GDP accordingly.
• The second transformation considers that welfare increase in a non-linear
fashion with income.
• Going from a GDP per capita of $1,000 to $2,000 is more important for
the human welfare of that country than going from a GDP per capita of
$15,000 to $16,000, even if the increase is the same.
• The HDI ranges from 0 to 1 and is a comparative measure.
• The country having the highest score for a variable has a value
of 1 and other countries are graded from how far they are from
this best score.
Human Development Index, 2001
Less than 0.4
0.4 to 0.6
0.6 to 0.7
0.7 to 0.8
0.8 to 0.9
More than 0.9
Global GDP, 2002
32.3%
34.2%
United States
Japan
Germany
Other G7
Rest of the world
15.1%
12.3%
6.1%
Distribution of Global Income Groups, 1990
■ Inequalities
3% 6%
12%
63%
16%
• 20% of the world’s population was
controlling 85% of the available
capital in 1995.
• This share was 70% in the 1960s.
• 1% of the population controls 40%
of the capital.
• 50% of the global population live
with less than $2 a day.
■ The richest 200 people
• Combined income of 41% of the
global population (2.46 billions).
• Net worth of $1,042 billion.
• Make $500 per second.
1st quintile
3rd quintile
5th quintile
2nd quintile
4th quintile