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HOW DEEP CAN WE GO?
Quick question for extra cred:
Are deep ocean trenches from
converging or diverging plates?
Quick question for extra cred:
Are deep ocean trenches from
converging or diverging plates?
Quick question for extra cred:
Deep ocean trenches are from
converging plates?
Surprisingly, the deepest ocean
trenches occur (happen) when one plate
is getting pushed below another…
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Surprisingly, the deepest ocean
trenches occur (happen) when one plate
is getting pushed below another…
S _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Surprisingly, the deepest ocean
trenches occur (happen) when one plate
is getting pushed below another…
S _ B _ U C _ _ I O N
Surprisingly, the deepest ocean
trenches occur (happen) when one plate
is getting pushed below another…
SUBDUCTION.
Surprisingly, the deepest ocean
trenches occur (happen) when one plate
is getting pushed below another…
SUBDUCTION (creating volcanoes).
Deep ocean trenches happen when one
plate gets pushed below another
(SUBDUCTION--creating volcanoes) at
the edge of oceanic plates.
Deep ocean trenches happen when one
plate gets pushed below another
(SUBDUCTION--creating volcanoes) at
the edge of oceanic plates.
HOW DO WE KNOW THIS?
SCUBA diving is great for
the NERITIC zone…but NOT for
the BENTHIC zone.
scuba…
NO!
Why can’t we go deeper?
Why can’t we go deeper?
 PRESSURE!!!!
SO, HOW DO WE GET TO THE
BOTTOM OF ALL THIS?
DEEP OCEAN EXPLORATION
1. SUBMERSIBLES!
 HUMAN DRIVEN
DEEP OCEAN EXPLORATION (3 ways)
1. SUBMERSIBLES!
HUMAN DRIVEN
HOW DEEP CAN MAN TRAVEL?
SUBMERSIBLES CAN ONLY GO THIS
DEEP. (HALF WAY DOWN)
Deep ocean exploration
1. SUBMERSIBLES…human
driven (1/2 way down)
Deep ocean exploration (3 ways)
1. SUBMERSIBLES…human
driven (1/2 way down)
SO HOW DO MARINE BIOLOGISTS
GET THIS DEEP?
HOW CAN WE GET FURTHER?
Deep ocean exploration (3 ways)
1. SUBMERSIBLES…HUMAN
DRIVEN(1/2 way down)
2. SONAR (SOUND WAVE)
MAP OCEAN FLOORS!
Deep ocean exploration (3 ways)
1. SUBMERSIBLES…HUMAN
DRIVEN (1/2 way down)
2. SONAR (SOUND WAVES)
MAP OCEAN FLOORS!
Deep ocean exploration (3 ways)
1. SUBMERSIBLES…HUMAN
DRIVEN (1/2 way down)
2. SONAR (SOUND WAVES)
MAP OCEAN FLOORS!
3. ??????
The deep ocean zone (BENTHIC zone)
is the LARGEST sized ocean
ECOSYSTEM by far!
Because of crushing pressure,
darkness, and its huge size, most of it
is unexplored!
A greatest ________ of life
exists in the ABYSS!
 http://news.discovery.com/animals/deep-sea-
amoeba-life-111023.html
A greatest VARIETY of life
exists in the ABYSS!
 http://news.discovery.com/animals/deep-sea-
amoeba-life-111023.html
The greatest variety of life
exists in the ABYSS!
 http://news.discovery.com/animals/deep-sea-
amoeba-life-111023.html
The greatest variety of life
exists in the ABYSS!
 http://news.discovery.com/animals/deep-sea-
amoeba-life-111023.html
Life exists even in the ABYSS!
HOW DO WE GET DOWN THERE ?
 http://news.discovery.com/animals/deep-sea-
amoeba-life-111023.html
Life exists even in the ABYSS!
HOW DO WE GET DOWN THERE?
 http://news.discovery.com/animals/deep-sea-
amoeba-life-111023.html
SO HOW DO SCIENTISTS GET
THIS DEEP?
How can we investigate the
deepest ocean?
 ROV’s!!!! …what does this stand for????
How can we get investigate the
deepest ocean?
 ROV’s (REMOTELY OPERATED VEHICLES!)
How can we get to videos and
photos from the deepest ocean?
 ROV’s (REMOTELY OPERATED VEHICLES!)
Deep ocean exploration (3 ways)
1. SUBMERSIBLES…human
driven (1/2 way down)
2. SONAR (sound waves)
MAP OCEAN FLOORS!
3. ROV’s (REMOTELY
OPERATED VEHICLES!)

DEEPEST, SAFEST, no risk to
humans!
The coast & especially the
continental shelf have lots of
ocean life!
The coast & especially the
continental shelf have lots of
ocean life!
Especially during UPWELLING!
But even normally, the
intertidal and neritic zones
have lots of life because
The intertidal and neritic
zones have lots of life because
of the SUN!
The sun kicks off ______________!
The intertidal and neritic
zones have lots of life because
of the SUN!
The sun kicks off PHOTOSYNTHESIS!
The intertidal and neritic
zones have lots of life because
of the SUN!
The sun kicks off PHOTOSYNTHESIS!
With PHOTOSYNTHESIS, producers
(mostly phytoplankton) can make
their own food!
With PHOTOSYNTHESIS, producers
(mostly phytoplankton) can make
their own food!
 And these PRODUCERS are the biggest
source of food in a food web.
With PHOTOSYNTHESIS, producers
(like algae phytoplankton) can
make their own food!
 And these PRODUCERS are the biggest
source of food in a food web.
 CYANOBACTERIA, GREEN ALGAE..
But there is no _____ in the
deep zone (aka benthic zone).
But there is NO SUN in the
deep zone (aka BENTHIC).
Without any SUN,
WHAT IS THE ENERGY SOURCE
OF BENTHIC FOOD WEBS?
Without the SUN,
WHAT IS THE ENERGY SOURCE
OF BENTHIC FOOD WEBS?
Got any ideas?
 It can’t get it’s
energy from the
sun!
How does life exist in the
ABYSS?
 CHEMICAL ENERGY ! (not solar energy)
 http://hubpages.com/education/What-are-
Chemosynthetic-Bacteria
How does life exist in the
ABYSS?
 CHEMICAL ENERGY ! (not solar energy)
 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS spew all sorts of gases
for things to live on!
How does life exist in the
ABYSS?
 CHEMICAL ENERGY ! (not solar energy)
 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS spew all sorts of gases
for things to live on!
How does life exist in the
ABYSS?
 CHEMICAL ENERGY ! (not solar energy)
 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS spew all sorts of gases
for things to live on!
How does life exist in the
ABYSS?
 CHEMICAL ENERGY ! (not solar energy)
 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS spew all sorts of gases
for things to live on!
How does life exist in the
ABYSS?
 CHEMICAL ENERGY ! (not solar energy)
 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS spew all sorts of gases for
things to live on!
How does life exist in the
ABYSS?
 CHEMICAL ENERGY ! (not solar energy)
 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS spew all sorts of gases
for things to live on!
 http://hubpages.com/education/What
-are-Chemosynthetic-Bacteria
http://hubpages.com/education/What-areChemosynthetic-Bacteria
1.
2.
3.
4.
DROTHERMAL VENTS spew all sorts of gases for things to live on!
Chemosynthetic bacteria use inorganic molecules as a source of
energy including ____________ (NH3) , ___________(S) and
__________ ____________ ( H2S ).
Like their sun-loving photosynthesizers, chemosynthesizers are
______________ _____________ because they produce their
own food.
____________ ________are located very deep into the ocean
where sunlight is unable to penetrate; therefore, the organisms
that live at ____________ ______ obtain their energy from the
__________ ejected out from the ocean crust.
Since the energy from the ____ cannot be used at such depths,
the _______ ________ absorbs ___________ _________ (H2S)
from the vent and provides it to the bacteria. So, these two
living things have a ___________ relationship.
http://hubpages.com/education/What-areChemosynthetic-Bacteria
1.
2.
3.
4.
DROTHERMAL VENTS spew all sorts of gases for things to live on!
Chemosynthetic bacteria use inorganic molecules as a source of
energy including AMMONIA (NH3) , SULFUR (S) and
HYDROGEN SULFIDE ( H2S ).
Like their sun-loving photosynthesizers, chemosynthesizers are
PRIMARY PRODUCERS because they produce their own food.
HYDROTHERMAL VENTS are located very deep into the ocean
where sunlight is unable to penetrate; therefore, the organisms
that live at HYDROTHERMAL VENTS obtain their energy from
the CHEMICALS ejected out from the ocean crust.
Since the energy from the SUN cannot be used at such depths,
the TUBE WORMS absorb HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) from
the vent and provides it to the bacteria. So, these two living
things have a SYMBIOTIC relationship.
Compare….
Do a VENN DIAGRAM
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 Uses SUN for
ENERGY!
CHEMOSYNTHESIS
 Uses CHEMICALS
Absorbs CO2
for ENERGY
Compare….
Do a VENN DIAGRAM
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CHEMOSYNTHESIS
 Uses SUN for
ENERGY!
 Produces oxygen
(O2) for us to
breathe
 Uses CHEMICALS
Absorbs CO2
Living things produce
own food (sugars/
carbs) to live on
for ENERGY
 Produces sulfuric
acid, not oxygen
Do a VENN DIAGRAM
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CHEMOSYNTHESIS
 Uses SUN for
ENERGY!
 Produces oxygen
(O2) for us to
breathe
 Phytoplankton &
plants & trees
 Uses CHEMICALS
Absorbs CO2
Living things produce
own food (sugars/
carbs) to live on
Producers at the
base of a food web
for ENERGY
 Produces sulfuric
acid, not oxygen
 Some bacteria &
tube worms
Do a VENN DIAGRAM
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CHEMOSYNTHESIS
 Uses CHEMICALS
 Uses SUN for
ENERGY!
 Produces oxygen
(O2) for us to
breathe
 Phytoplankton &
plants & trees
Absorbs CO2
Living things produce
own food (sugars/
carbs) to live on
Producers at the
base of a food web
for ENERGY
 Produces sulfuric
acid, not oxygen
 Some bacteria &
tube worms
 Found around
HYDROTHERMAL
VENTS at bottom
end
Life exists even in the ABYSS!
HOW?
 CHEMICAL ENERGY ! (not solar energy)
 hydrothermal vents, submarine hot springs, and
methane seeps;
 chemosynthetic organisms;
 dead stuff.

PRESS RELEASE
Date Released: Tuesday, July 29, 1997
Source: Pennsylvania State University
Methane Ice Worms
Hesiocaeca methanicola
(larger view)
A team of university scientists using a mini research submarine on a NOAA-funded research cruise
has discovered, photographed, and sampled what appears to be a new species of centipede-like
worms living on and within mounds of methane ice on the floor of the Gulf of Mexico, about 150
miles south of New Orleans.
Although scientists had hypothesized that bacteria might colonize methane ice mounds, called
gas hydrates, this is the first time animals have been found living in the mounds.
The discovery of dense colonies of these one-to-two-inch-long, flat, pinkish worms burrowing into
a mushroom-shaped mound of methane seeping up from the sea floor raises speculation that the
worms may be a new species with a pervasive and as yet unknown influence on these energy-rich
gas deposits.
chemosynthesis vs. photosynthesis
 http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/edu/learning/player/lesso
n05/l5ex1.htm