Download Nippur - UNESCO World Heritage Centre

Nippur
Iraq
Date de soumission : 20/02/2017
Critères: (iii)(vi)
Catégorie : Culturel
Soumis par :
Permanent Delegation of Iraq to UNESCO
État, province ou région :
Al-Qadisiyah
Coordonnées N32 8 11.2 E45 13 15.46
Ref.: 6173
Description
Introduction
Located in the Middle Euphrates region of Iraq, in the province of Al-Qadisiyah, the site of Nippur (Nuffar)
encompasses a group of archaeological mounds (tells), the largest one 25m high, and the remains of a canal bed
(Shatt al-Nil). It extends over 168.4 ha in the Mesopotamian plain and, in Mesopotamian times, the city lay on the
Euphrates. Nippur played an important role in the development of the world's earliest civilization. It was the seat of
the worship of the Sumerian god Enlil, the 'Lord Wind,' ruler of the cosmos, and the religious centre of Sumer in the
3rd and 2nd millenium BCE. It was a substantial city for its time set on natural and artificial hills and was surrounded
by massive walls for protection. The religious nature of Nippur spared it destruction, and although it underwent
periodic declines in importance, it rose again because its function as a holy centre was still needed. The site
preserves an unparalleled archaeological record spanning more than 6,000 years, from the prehistoric Ubaid period
(c. 5,000 BCE) to about 800 CE in the Islamic era, and bears exceptional testimony to the Sumerian, Akkadian and
Babylonia cultural traditions.
Description of main monuments and structures
The site of Nippur measures about 1.5 km in length and 700 m in width. It is a great complex of ruined mounds
bisected from north to south by a deeply cut watercourse or canal, known locally as Shatt al-Nil. The highest point of
these ruins is a conical hill rising 25 m above the level of the surrounding plain, northeast of the canal bed.
Nippur contains several layers of superimposed urban settlement extending from c. 5000 BCE to about 800 CE.
Excavations and surveys have revealed the remains of the following structures or buildings:
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A massive city wall with six gates, protected by a moat, and enclosing an area of about 135
hectares;
The Midtown Canal, a substantial watercourse more than 50 meters across in places;
The E-kur, or temple to Enlil, the supreme god of the Sumerian pantheon, and its 25-meter-high
ziggurat (which is the most important single structure of the site);
Several other Sumerian temples (the Inanna temple, a North temple);
A scribal quarter and a residential quarter;
An Akkadian tomb and a large temple to Gula, the Mesopotamian goddess of healing;
A large Parthian fortress;
And an early Islamic mound.
History and significance
Nippur was one of the longest-lived Mesopotamian site. For thousands of years, Nippur was the religious centre of
Mesopotamia, where Enlil, the supreme god of the Sumerian pantheon, created mankind, and lived in the E-kur, the
'mountain house' or the assembly of the gods, parallel in Greek mythology to Mount Olympus. This was the most
revered and sacred building of ancient Sumer. Control over Nippur was crucial, as it was considered capable of
conferring the overall kingship on monarchs from other city-states. It was distinctively a sacred city, important from
the possession of the famous shrine of Enlil, but also for a very large number of temples to other deities. The
concentration of temples and the absence of a secular governing body characterized the social, political, economic
and urbanistic structure of the city. Its holy character allowed Nippur to survive numerous wars and the fall of
dynasties that brought destruction to other cities. In Mesopotamian times, the city lay on the Euphrates, linked by this
waterway to other important urban centres upstream and downstream. Little is known about the prehistoric town, but
by 2500 BCE the city probably reached the extent of the present ruins, was fortified, and had an important temple.
Nippur's position in the geographical centre of Babylonia was a major factor in its development throughout the 4th
and 3rd millennia. Nippur reached its greatest size during the Ur III period, expanding to approximately 135 hectares,
and reaching a population of maybe forty thousand. This is when King Ur-Namrnu (2112-2095 BCE) gave the E-kur
temple its final characteristic form. He erected a terrace of bricks, some 12-m high, covering an area of about 32,000
m2. Near the north-western edge, he built a ziggurat of three stages of dry brick, faced with kiln-fired bricks laid in
bitumen. The base of the ziggurat was rectangular, measuring 39 by 58 meters, thus covering 2,262 m2.
A prominent feature of the layout of ancient Nippur was the Midtown Canal, which flowed through the middle of the
city, and was maybe the original course of the Euphrates. The canal divided Nippur into clearly-defined eastern and
western sectors. The largest of the public buildings were located on the eastern side of the canal in an area called
'the bond of heaven and earth.' These buildings were erected for the honour and worship of the major divine powers
venerated at ancient Nippur. Another branch of the Euphrates River flowed around the western side of town. Just to
the southwest of the Enlil complex was another large temple, this one devoted to the worship of the great goddess
Inanna. Her temple was situated very close to the Midtown Canal. This significant building covered 6,000 m2. It was
divided into numerous rooms and courtyards for both ritual and administrative activities involved in the worship of a
great deity. This temple was built by King Shulgi (2094-2047 BCE), son and successor of Ur-Namrnu.
An Akkadian temple structure existed on the northern section of the city's west side. The goddess Gula received
worship there.
Perhaps not far away was another major temple complex devoted to the god Ninurta, but modern archaeologists
have not yet been able to define its exact location. Long after the Ur III and Old Babylonian periods, Parthians
builders (1st and 2nd centuries BCE) reused for foundation fill a large collection of administrative documents
recording cultic deliveries at the Ninurta temple.
To the southeast of the temple area was a large triangular area of land (just over 5 hectares) which has been
designated as scribal or professional quarter on account of the large number of tablets found by excavators.
During the late 3rd millennium and early 2nd millennium BCE, multi-purpose buildings existed on the southernmost
hill on the west side: a residential area and cooking establishment have been excavated. Some structures in the
residential area housed enormous numbers of tablets.
About one fourth of the area within the city walls was devoted to impressive public buildings that attracted visitors
from all over Sumer and Akkad. Outside the walls farmers cultivated the irrigated fields of grain and orchards,
whereas pastoralists tended their flocks and herds.
A major catastrophe seems to have befallen the city in the 18th century, perhaps because of shifts of the Euphrates,
which left the city cut off from its water supply. It was totally abandoned by 1720 BCE, and sand progressively
covered the city. During the Kassite period (14th and 13th c.), the Euphrates returned and the city was rebuilt and
flourished again. The fortunes changed again during the period known as the Dark Age of Babylonia (1115 to C.
800), and only a small settlement remained on the old temple mound. It was revived yet another time in the 8th c. and
grew to become a large, cosmopolitan population centre home not only to Babylonians and Arameans but also large
groups of exiled people deported from their homelands.
Even after Babylonian civilization was absorbed into larger empires, such as Alexander the Great's, Nippur flourished.
It became important again during the Achaemenid period (550-330), throughout the Seleucid and Parthian periods
(C. 331 BCE-224 CE) and under the Sassanians (224-651). Parthian construction later buried Enlil's sanctuary and
its enclosure walls, and in the 3rd century CE the city fell into decay. In its final phase, prior to its abandonment
around 800 CE, Nippur was a typical Muslim city, with minority communities of Jews and Christians. At the time of its
abandonment, the city was the seat of a Christian bishop, so it was still a religious centre, long after Enlil had been
forgotten.
The fate of Nippur depended closely on the behaviour of its main water source, the Euphrates, like other cities along
the water course. However, throughout its long period of existence when its population expanded and shrunk to
almost nothing, the city never lost its sanctity, nor its association with learning and literacy.
The city, with its many temples, government buildings, and important family businesses, was probably more literate
than other towns, and the scribes have left nearly 30,000 Sumerian and Akkadian documents written on clay tablets.
More than 80% of all known Sumerian literary compositions have been found in Nippur. Included are the earliest
recognized versions of the Creation Story, the Flood Story and parts of the Gilgamesh Epic, and administrative, legal,
medical and business records, together with grammatical and school texts. Furthermore, an invaluable group of
lexical and bilingual texts (Sumerian/ Akkadian) documents allowed scholars to make real progress in deciphering
and understanding Sumerian. In fact, the excavations at Nippur have been the primary source of the literary writing of
Sumer. Another unique find is a plan of the city on a clay tablet from about 1250 BCE.
The site has yielded thousands of other artefacts, including bronzes, jewellery, cylinder seals, and much pottery.
Elaborately designed items made of precious metals, stones, exotic woods, and shell were found, testifying to the
development of ancient Mesopotamian art, as well as the far-flung trading connections that brought the materials to
Babylonia. Egyptian, Persian, Indus Valley, and Greek artefacts also found their way to Nippur. Main collections of
artefacts from the Nippur excavations are kept at the Iraqi Museum in Baghdad, the University of Pennsylvania
Museum, and the museum of the Chicago Orient Institute.
Excavations
The first American archaeological expedition to Mesopotamia by the University of Pennsylvania excavated at Nippur
from 1889 to 1900. The work was resumed in 1948 by the Chicago Oriental Institute and lasted until1990. Initially,
this institution focused on the larger mound, two other temples, a Parthian fortress and several private houses. As of
1972, emphasis was shifted to the West Mound, a predominantly residential and administrative quarter of the city
yielding bakers' houses, a palace, and a sequence of temples. The expedition eventually concentrated on the low, flat
area at the southern comer of the site. Houses, large public buildings, and city walls dating to different periods were
uncovered there. The team also carried out investigations in the city wall at the eastern side of the ziggurat and at a
small Islamic mound outside the city defences.
Justification de la Valeur Universelle Exceptionelle
Criterion (iii): the sacred city of Nippur was one of the longest-lived Mesopotamian cities. In the 3rd and 2nd
millennium BCE, it was the religious centre of Mesopotamia, where Enlil, the supreme god of the Sumerian pantheon,
created mankind and conferred kingship.
About one fourth of the area within the city walls was devoted to impressive cultic buildings that attracted visitors from
all over Sumer and Akkad, and donations from successive Mesopotamian rulers. The concentration of temples and
the absence of a secular governing body characterized the social, political, economic and urbanistic structure of the
city. Its holy character allowed Nippur to survive numerous wars and the fall of dynasties that brought destruction to
other cities. Never a political centre, Nippur underwent periodic declines in importance, but rose again because its
function as a holy place was still needed.
The site preserves an unparalleled archaeological record spanning more than 6,000 years, from the prehistoric Ubaid
period (c. 5,000 BCE) to about 800 CE in the Islamic era, and bears exceptional testimony to the Sumerian, Akkadian
and Babylonia cultural traditions.
Criterion (vi): Throughout its long period of existence, Nippur was associated with learning and literacy. The scribes
of Nippur have left nearly 30,000 Sumerian and Akkadian documents written on clay tablets, including an invaluable
group of lexical and bilingual texts (Sumerian / Akkadian) documents that allowed scholars to make real progress in
deciphering and understanding Sumerian.
More than 80% of all known Sumerian literary compositions have been found in Nippur. The earliest record of the
Creation Story and Flood Story was found on a single fragmentary cuneiform tablet excavated on the site. Written in
Sumerian, it is dated around 1600 BCE during the first Babylonian dynasty. Another tablet includes the earliest known
parts of the Gilgamesh Epic.
The Sumerian mythological and literary legacy influenced the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian religious and
literary traditions that followed it. Through these channels, the Creation Story was incorporated into the Jewish and
Christian traditions, whereas the Flood Story is present in the foundational texts of all Abrahamic religions, including
Islam. To this day, the creation and the flood have remained central sources of spiritual, artistic and literary inspiration
for humanity. The Gilgamesh Epic, rediscovered through archaeology in the 19th century is a remarkable instance of
revival of the Sumerian literary tradition. Over the past century, it has directly inspired a vast number of
manifestations of literature, art, music, and popular culture in all areas of the globe.
Déclarations d’authenticité et/ou d’intégrité
Integrity
All the urban and architectural remains of Nippur are included within the official boundaries of the site, which is
protected against adverse development under Law No 55 of 2002 for the Antiquities and Heritage. A fence runs along
75% of the site's circumference. There is no urban or agricultural encroachment on the site, which has not suffered
damage from recent conflicts, and has been spared looting. Large tracts remain unexcavated, and the site takes on
added significance for future research. Discussions are on-going between the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and
Heritage and the Chicago Oriental Institute to re-activate the archaeological mission at the site. Artefacts found at the
site, particularly the clay tablets, are today conserved in reputable museum collections, where they are protected,
studied and published, and where a large number are publicly exhibited.
Authenticity
Over 130 years of archaeological research, together with historical sources confirm that the property encompasses
the site of the ancient city of Nippur. The material of the architectural remains and the urban form are historically
authentic. From its initial formation until its final decline, Nippur has always remained on its present site; its
environmental setting has, however, changed, with shifts in the Euphrates' course. The mains threats to the site are
desertification, with sand dunes periodically recovering part of the unstabilized excavated areas, the dumps created
by early archaeological expeditions, and the fact that no major conservation work has been carried out.
Comparaison avec d’autres biens similaires
Nippur's outstanding universal value lays in its importance within the geographical and historical context of
Mesopotamia where Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian cultures succeeded each other. Amongst all
other urban centres within the same geo-cultural area, it played an exceptional role not as the seat of political power,
but as a religious and intellectual centre. This allowed Nippur to experience a remarkable longevity and physical
integrity, and to act as an exceptional conveyor of the Sumerian religious and literary tradition. Based on the above
attributes giving the property its OUV, Nippur will be compared with the following properties:
On the World Heritage List:
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Ashur, Ur, Uruk, and Eridu (lraq)
Susa, and Tchogha Zanbil (Iran)
On the Tentative List:
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Others:
Babylon, Nimrud, and Nineveh (Iraq)
Marl, and Ebla (Syria)
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Sumerian cities in Iraq: Lagash, Umrna, Girsu, Shuruppak, Kish, Borsippa, etc.