Download Unit 2 - Bremen High School District 228

Unit II
Population (13-17%)
A.P. Human Geography
A. Geographical Analysis of Population
• Density, distribution, and Scale
Distribution
Population Clusters, Density
Population Density Population per unit of land area; for example, people per square
mile or people per square kilometer of arable land.
Arithmetic Density – the total number of people per a unit of land area.
U.S. = 76/mi2; NYC=1,000,000/mi2; Australia = 7/mi2
Physiological Density – the total number of people per a unit of arable
(farmable) land.
World and Country Population Totals
Distribution and Structure: 3/4 of people live on 5% of earth's surface!
Total: 6.8 billion on planet as of March 5, 2010
Current World Population Counter from U.S Census Bureau
Five most populous regions and countries
REGION
•
•
•
•
•
POPULATION COUNTRY
East Asia 1.6 billion
South Asia1.5 billion
Europe
1 billion
SE Asia 600 million
E N. America &
Canada 275 million
POPULATION
China
India
U.S.
Indonesia
1.3 billion
1.1 million
300 million
250 million
Brazil
188 million
How many shorties will the Luby’s have?
Scale
2. Consequences of various densities
and distributions
An Aging World
Discussion
What are the implications of an
aging population for:
1. The U.S. housing market?
2. Social security and pension
funds?
3. Public financing of colleges and
universities?
4. Global migration flows?
Overpopulation
• When consumption of
natural resources by people
outstrip the ability of a
natural region to replace
those natural resources.
Population and Resource
Consumption
Technology, Energy Consumption, and
Environmental Impact
There has been a dramatic increase in:
• individual energy use over time: 3,000 kcal/person 300,000 kcal/person
• the power of technology to change the
environment: think stone axe versus bulldozer versus
atomic bomb.
• The scope and severity of environmental impacts.
Luby’s future
Softball team
3. Patterns of composition: age, sex,
race, and ethnicity
Population J-Curve
4. Population and natural hazards:
past, present, and future
B. Population growth and decline over
time and space
1. Historical trends and projections for the future
• Population Growth
• The dominant issue in population geography remains growth. The
world's population is currently growing at a rate that is more than
ten times the total estimated world population at the beginning of
the Holocene and the bulk of this growth is occurring in the world's
poorer countries.
• The Earth's environments and natural resources are strained as
never before by the needs of a mush-rooming human population, a
population that has more than doubled in the last 50 years.
• Problems resulting from unprecedented population growth became
especially acute in the twentieth century. A continued high rate of
population growth in the twenty-first century can have a calamitous
impact, causing irreversible damage to the natural systems on
which we depend for our existence and survival.
2. Theories of population growth,
including the Demographic Model
Demographic Transition Model
Demographic Transition Model
• Stage one (preindustrial/pre-agricultural)
– Crude birth/death rate high
– Fragile, but stable, population
• Stage two (improved agriculture and medicine)
– Lower death rates
– Infant mortality rate falls
– Natural increase very high
• Stage three (attitudes change)
– Indicative of richer developed countries
– Higher standards of living/education
– Crude birth rate finally falls
• Stage four
– Crude birth/death rates low
– Population stable
– Populations aging
Problems with the
Demographic Transition Model
• based on European experience, assumes all countries will
progress to complete industrialization
• many countries reducing growth rate dramatically without
increase in wealth – TV and family planning seem to be at work
• on the other hand, some countries “stuck” in stage 2 or stage
3, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Middle East
Thomas Malthus on Population
An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798
Malthus, responding to
Condorcet, predicted
population would outrun food
supply, leading to a decrease
in food per person.
300
250
200
Population
150
Food
100
Assumptions
• Populations grow
exponentially.
• Food supply grows
arithmetically.
• Food shortages and chaos
inevitable.
50
0
1
2
3
Food
2
4
8
16
4
Population
2
4
16
256
Jean Antoine Condorcet
(1743 – 1794)
• predicted that innovation,
resulting increased wealth, and
choice would provide food and
resources in the future and lead to
fewer children per family
• believed that society was
perfectible
3. Patterns of fertility, mortality, and
health
• Fertility The actual reproductive
performance of an individual, a
couple, a group, or a population.
See general fertility rate.
• Mortality Deaths as a component of
population change.
World Death Rates
• Infectious diseases
– HIV/AIDS
– SARS
• Degenerative diseases
– Obesity
– Tobacco use
• Epidemiological transition
– Communicable diseases/pathogens in less developed
countries
– Degenerative diseases in more developed countries
(obesity, heart disease, diabetes, cancer)
Life Expectancy
Life Expectancy
• Infant mortality rate
• Antibiotics/immunization
• Rapid increase throughout
world
Adults and Children Living with HIV/AIDS,
mid-2006
Infant Mortality Rate – the number of deaths of children under the age of one per thousand live
births. The rate ranges from as low as 3 (Singapore, Iceland) to as much as 150 (Sierra Leone,
Afghanistan). The U.S. rate is just over 6. High infant mortality tends to result in higher fertility
rates as families seek “insurance” for the loss of children.
4. Regional variations of demographic
transition
• Most current and future growth is taking
place in developing countries, which have
experienced only a partial demographic
transition.
Figure 7: Projected World Population Growth
5. Effects of Population Policies
New Influences on Birth Rates
 Family
planning programs
 Contraceptive technology
 Role of mass media
Population Control
 Obstacles
– Manufacture/distribution
expense
– Religion
– Low female status
– Preference for male
children
C. Population Movement
• 1. Push and Pull Factors
• "Push-Pull" Hypothesis A migration theory
that suggests that circumstances at the place
of origin (such as poverty and unemployment)
repel or push people out of that place to other
places that exert a positive attraction or pull
(such as a high standard of living or job
opportunities).
2. Major voluntary and involuntary
migrations at different scales
Involuntary
Trail of Tears 1830-35
Voluntary