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REPTILES AND BIRDS MRS. BENDER CHAPTER 29 Well developed legs Shelled Scaly eggs skin Ectotherm Efficient systems circulatory and respiratory CHARACTERISTICS OF REPTILES Amnion embryo Fluid is a membrane that surrounds a developing filled protects the embryo Amniotic egg Covered Fluid protective shell full of nutrients and mimics the aquatic life Allantois is a membrane that forms a sac which contains the waste products Chorion is the outer most membrane allowing oxygen to enter and keep the fluid inside Shells are leathery AMNIOTIC EGGS Dry Scaly Protects Needs from drying out to be shed for growth OUTER COVERING Depend turtles) on lungs (except aquatic Breathe by squeezing throat forcing air into lungs Two atrium, 1 ventricle partially divided Closed system RESPIRATION AND CIRCULATION Most are carnivores Iquanas and tortoises are herbivores Turtles and crocs use tongue to help swallow Lizards have sticky tongue Snakes venom or constriction then ingest Loosely connected jaws FEEDING AND DIGESTION Kidneys which filter blood to remove wastes Urine enters the cloaca, water is reabsorbed to form uric acid Enables the body to conserve water and maintain homeostasis of water and minerals. EXCRETION Like amphibians, except cerebrum is larger, because vision and muscle function more complex Vision stronger than hearing in most Snakes detect vibration in jaw bone Smell highly evolved, Jacobson organ, sac like structures which sense odor in mouth BRAIN AND SENSES Ectotherms Legs are located under body, bear more weight and move faster Heavier and stronger bones than amphibians Have claws on their toes, for digging, climbing, and gripping TEMPERATURE CONTROL AND MOVEMENT Internal fertilization- egg fertilized inside female body Embryo surrounded by yolk, nourishes the embryo and a leathery shell to protect and prevent liquids from leaving REPRODUCTION Lizards Legs with claws Movable Flexible eyelids jaws Tympanic membrane Snakes Legless Lack movable eyes and tympanic membrane Jointed jaws ORDER SQUAMATA Turtles and tortoises Encased Plastron in a protective shell is the ventral part of the shell Carapace is the dorsal part of the shell Vertebrate and ribs are fused to the inside of the carpace Do not have teeth, sharp beaks ORDER TESTUDINATA Four chambered heart, ventricle divided completely More quicker and aggressively, more powerful alligators Broader Upper snout jaw is wider than lower, teeth do not show Crocodiles Long snout, sharp teeth, powerful jaws Upper and lower jaw the same so teeth show ORDER CROCODILIA Tuataras Look Spiny like large lizards crest down bck Third eye on top of head, covered with scales but can sense sunlight Two rows of teeth on the upper jaw Two living species off the coast of New Zealand ORDER SPHENODONTA Endotherms- generate body heat internally through metabolism Higher body temperature allows for more ATP production for flight Feathers Specialized outgrowths of the skin Made of keratin Functions: flight and keep heat from escaping Preening spread oil from preen gland located near tail to add a weather proofing coat Contour feathers: flight Barbs are held together by barbules Down feathers Located beneath contour no barbs so make good insulators CHARACTERISTICS OF BIRDS Light weight bones Very strong Hollow, contains a cavity of air Large breast muscles which attach to the keel of the sternum SKELETON OF BIRDS More One space in the lungs way air circulation Inhales, oxygenated blood moves to posterior air sacs, gas exchange, then into the anterior air sac Exhales deoxygenated air is expelled and oxygenated from posterior is sent to the lungs Only oxygenated blood is moved through the lungs RESPIRATION Four chamber heart lung…left atrium…..left ventricle….. To body……to right atrium….right ventricle…..lungs CIRCULATION Require large amounts of food to maintain high metabolic rate Shape of beak determine food eaten Crop is a storage area for food Gizzard contains small pebbles for grinding food FEEDING AND DIGESTION Kidneys Have Do a cloaca to reabsorb water not have a bladder to hold urine EXCRETION Cerebellum-coordinate balance during flight movement and Cerebrum-controls eating, singing, flying, instinctive behavior’ Medulla oblongata-controls automatic functions such as respiration and heartbeat Excellent vision BRAIN AND SENSES Establishing territories Locating mates Courtship behavior Constructing nests Incubating nest REPRODUCTION
