Download adjusting the conditions inside when the outside conditions change

Chapter 6 Packet
Activities/Schedule
0 Quizlet/ Foldable/Card Sort
1 Reading Guide, p. 1-2
Sec. 61 Notes/3 Sec. 6.2 Notes, p. 2-3
Vocabulary Practice, p. 4
5 Cell Division Tutorial, p, 4
Vocabulary Quiz Study Guide (____________)
asexual reproduction
diploid
autosomes
duplication
binary fission
gametes
centromere
gene
chromosomes
haploid
deletion
homologous chromosomes
Name _________________
Date________ Period ___
6 Mitosis App, p. 5
7 Practice for the Cell Cycle Quiz, p. 5
8 Extra Practice (review), p. 5-7
9 Karyotyping Activity, p. 7/ 10 Crossword, p. 8
11 Onion Root Tip Lab , p. 9
inversion
karyotype
monosomy
mutations
nondisjunction
sex chromosomes
sister chromatids
somatic cell
translocation
trisomy
zygote
Cell Cycle Quiz Study Guide
 Be able to list the main two parts of the cell cycle and what phases each part breaks down into.
 List what happens in the three parts of interphase.
 List what happens in the two parts of cell division.
 List what happens in the four phases of mitosis.
 Know the basic percentage of time each part takes in the cell cycle.
 Be able to identify pictures of the phases of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis.
 Be able to explain how cytokinesis differs in plant and animal cells and why.
Test Study Guide (____________)
 Know all of the Vocabulary from the study guide above.
 How is DNA folded to make a chromosome? What are
 genes, sister chromatids, centromeres, and homologous pairs?
 Why and how do cells divide?
 Describe how reproduction in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ and why.
 What is the difference between a somatic cell and a gamete?
 How is asexual and sexual reproduction different in terms of process and outcome?
 Be able to list the main two parts of the cell cycle and what phases each part breaks down into.
 List what happens in the three parts of interphase.
 List what happens in the two parts of cell division.
 List what happens in the four phases of mitosis.
 Know the basic percentage of time each part takes in the cell cycle.
 Be able to identify pictures of the phases of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis.
 Be able to explain how cytokinesis differs in plant and animal cells and why.
 Describe the definitions of diploid and haploid cells and why some cells are diploid and some are haploid.
 What is fertilization and a zygote?
 Understand what a karyotype is and what it shows.
 Describe the definition and difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes.
 How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have in their body cells? Reproductive cells?
 What two sex chromosomes do females have? Males?
 What is nondisjunction, when does it happen, and how does monosomy and trisomy relate?
 What is a mutation? What are different chromosomal mutations that can occur?
 What is cancer? What are some of the known causes of cancer?
1 Chapter 6 Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Reading Guide (pages 118-124)
Pg. 118 1. How many cells are produced by adult humans every day? _________________________________
2. List three reasons why cells may divide. _________________________________
3. An organisms reproductive cells are called ________________. Give two examples. ______________
4. Before a cell divides, its _____________must be copied and distributed.
Pg. 119 5. ___________________ reproduce through binary fission.
6. __________ ______________ is a form of asexual reproduction that that produces a single offspring.
7. In __________ _____________, a single parent passes exact copies of its entire DNA to its offspring.
8. A segment of DNA that codes for proteins or RNA molecules is called a _____________.
9. DNA and the proteins associated with it are called __________________.
10. Two exact copies of DNA that make up each chromosome are called _______________.
11. The point where the chromatids attach to each other is called the _______________.
12. Label the picture below using figure 2 on page 119.
Pg. 120 13. Any cell other than the sperm or egg is called a ____________ cell.
14. How many different chromosomes do human cells have? _____ How many total? _____
15. Chromosomes that are similar in shape, size and genetic content are called ____________ _____________.
16. Each __________ comes from 1 of the 2 parents. One set comes from the ______, another from the _____.
Pg. 121
17. If a cell has 2 sets of chromosomes, it is called a _______________ cell. ____________ cells have 2 sets of chromosomes in
them. It is written as 2n = ____ (in humans).
18. If a cell has 1 set of chromosomes, it is called a _______________ cell. ____________ have 1 set of chromosomes in them. It
is written as n = ____(in humans).
19. The fusion (joining) of two haploid gametes is called ____________________.
20. The first cell of a new individual (a fertilized egg) is called a _________________.
21. Read Figure 4 and list how many chromosomes would fit in the thickness of a nickel. _____
Pg. 122
22. Chromosomes that are not directly involved in determining the sex of an individual are called
_______________. How many pairs of these are there in each human cell? _______
23. Chromosomes that contain genes that determine the sex of the individual are called
______ ________________. How many pairs of these are in each human cell? _______
24. The two sex chromosomes are called the ___ and the ___ chromosome.
25. The individual with a Y chromosome is a ______. An individual without a Y chromosome is a ________.
An individual with the chromosomes XY is a ____________. An individual with XX is a ____________.
26. A photo of the chromosomes in a dividing cell that shows the chromosomes arranged by size is called a ___
2 Parikh Notes
Chapter 6 Notes: Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction
2
Section 1- An adult human produces 25 million new cells every second (2 trillion/day)
Cells need to divide to:
1. Growth (getting bigger)
2. Development (maturing)
3. Repair (fixing)
4. Production of gametes- reproductive cells (sperm or egg)
Cell division is different in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryote (bacterial cells) divide by
Binary Fission- asexual reproduction in prokaryotes that produces identical offspring (splitting in two) – 20 minutes
Eukaryotic cells divide differently because they have a nucleus that needs to divide first
Gene - segment of DNA that codes for a protein
Chromosome - coiled structure made of DNA and protein
(Sister) Chromatids - two exact copies of DNA that make up a chromosome
Centromere- point of attachment of the 2 chromatids
2
Somatic Cells - (body cells) in humans have 2 copies of 23 different chromosomes for a total of 46
Homologous Chromosomes- chromosomes that are similar in size, shape and genetic content.
Each homologue in a pair comes from one of the two parents.
Diploid- cells that contain 2 sets of chromosomes (somatic-46 in humans)
Haploid- cells that contain one set of chromosomes (gametes-23 in humans)
Gametes- sperm or egg cell
Autosomes- chromosomes that are not directly involved in determining the gender of an
individual (44 in humans)
Karyotype- photo of the chromosomes in a dividing cell that shows them arranged by size
Sex Chromosomes- contain genes that determine the sex of the individual (2 in humans)
(XX-female, XY-male)
Changes in Chromosomes (Mutations)
Nondisjunction- failure of chromosomes to separate properly
Trisomy- more than 2 copies of a chromosome (47 total Chromosomes)
Down Syndrome- three #21 chromosomes (trisomy-21)
Klinefelters Syndrome- XXY (trisomy 23) 1/500 male births
Monosomy- only 1 copy of a chromosome (45 total chromosomes)
Turner Syndrome- X_ (monosomy-23) 1/2500 female births
Chromosomal Mutations - change in the structure of a chromosome. 4 Types:
A) Deletion- piece of chromosome breaks off completely
B) Duplication- chromosome fragment attaches to its homologue
C) Inversion- chromosome piece reattaches in reverse order
D) Translocation- piece reattaches to non-homologous chromosome
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Section 2- Cell Cycle- repeating sequence of cellular growth and division during an organism’s life
Phases- Interphase *Collectively, G1, S and G2 are called Interphase
A) First growth (G1) Phase- rapid growth, routine functions. Cells that do not divide remain here (muscle, nerve)
B) Synthesis (S) Phase- DNA copied. At the end, chromosomes consisting of 2 chromatids attached at the
centromere
C) Second growth (G2) Phase- preparation for division. Microtubules assembled
Cell division
D) Mitosis (M)-division of the nucleus of a cell
E) Cytokinesis (C)- division of the cytoplasm
Cancer- uncontrolled growth of cells caused by the mutation of regulating genes
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Section 3- Mitosis-Cytokinesis
Spindles- cell structures involved in moving chromosomes during division (made of microtubules)
Phases of mitosis (division of the nucleus)
1) Prophase- Chromosomes coil, nuclear envelope dissolves, spindle forms
2) Metaphase- chromosomes line up on equator, spindles link chromatids to opposite poles
3) Anaphase- centromeres divide, chromatids move to poles
4) Telophase- nuclear envelopes reform, chromosomes uncoil, spindle fibers break down
Cytokinesis- different in plant and animal cells because plant cells have a cell wall
Animal cells- cells pinch in half
(forms a cleavage furrow)
Plant cells- vesicles formed by the golgi fuse at the
middle to form a cell plate. A new cell wall forms on either side.
Meiosis- a form of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes when forming specialized reproductive cells,
such as gametes or spores.
 Spermatogenesis- meiosis in males-produces sperm cells
 Oogenesis- meiosis in females-produces eggs (ovum)
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4 Practice for the Vocabulary Quiz
Fill in the correct vocabulary term next to each definition.
_________________1. chromosomes not directly involved in determining the sex (gender) of an
_________________2. chromosomes that contain genes that will determine the sex of the individual
_________________3. a cell that contains only one set of chromosomes
_________________4. extra chromosome fragment attaches to its homologous chromosome, 2 copies
_________________5. changes in an organism’s chromosome structure
_________________6. piece reattaches to a nonhomologous chromosome
_________________7. an organism’s reproductive cells, such as sperm or egg cells.
_________________8. any cell other than a sperm or egg cell
_________________9. chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic content
_________________10. form of asexual reproduction that produces identical offspring
_________________11. a single parent passes exact copies of all of its DNA to its offspring
_________________12. a fertilized egg cell, the first cell of a new individual
_________________13. photo of the chromosomes in a dividing cell; shows the chromosomes
_________________14. a segment of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA molecule
_________________15. a structure in which DNA and the proteins associated with the DNA coil
_________________16. two exact copies of DNA that make up each chromosome
_________________17. chromosome piece reattaches to the original chromosome but in a reverse
_________________18. a piece of a chromosome breaks off completely, new cell lacks genes
_________________19. two chromatids of a chromosome are attached at a point called this
_________________20. a cell that contains two sets of chromosomes
_________________21. if one or more chromosomes fail to separate properly
_________________22. A cell that has only one copy of the chromosome, when it should have two
_________________23. A cell that has three copies of the chromosome, when it should have two
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Cell Division Tutorial
Steps:
1. Draw, color and label a picture of the major
players of cell division to the right.
 What parts tell the cell when and
how to divide? ________________
 What part controls cell division’s movement
and mechanics? ______________________
2. What has to happen before a cell divides? ________________
 Draw a picture to the right.
3. What moves things around the cell?___________________
4. What splits during the first step of cell division? ______________________
5. DNA strands ________________________.
6. ________________ ______________________________ coil and bunch up into chromosomes.
7. Centrosomes form _______________________ spindles that the centrosomes to opposite sides of the cell.
8. What dissolves first? _______________________________
9. What else dissolves? __________________________
10. Where do the chromosomes then move? ______________________
11. What pulls the identical chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell?
12. What forms around them at each end? ___________________________________________________
13. _________________________ unwind into DNA strands and the __________________ reappears.
14. What causes the cell to pinch in half? _______________________________________________________
15. What is the original cell called? __________________ What are the two new cells called? ____________
16. How long does it take a bacterial cell to divide? ________________ What about a human cell? __________
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6 Mitosis IPOD Activity
Click on the Mitosis App
Click on Explore
Listen and follow the directions. Check here when you get to the end. ____
Go back to the main menu in the Mitosis Application
Click on Videos
Watch the videos in this order. Check them off as you watch each one.
___ The Cell Cycle (4:20)
___ Stages of Mitosis (1:22)
___ Mitosis (1:30)
___ Mitosis (0:58)
Go back to the main menu in the Mitosis Application
Click on Test Yourself
Follow the instructions and click on check answers after you choose.
Check here when you get to the end. ____ Write your score down. ____
Click on Explore
Listen and follow the directions AGAIN. See if it makes more sense this time and really listen to the directions. Check here when you
get to the end. ____
Return the IPOD back to teacher and turn in this paper.
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Practice for the Cell Cycle Quiz
1. The longest phase of the cell cycle is called _______________.
2. Cells are in interphase _____ % of the time.
3. The three phase of interphase are ______, ______, and ______.
4. In ________ phase, rapid growth occurs and this is where cells that do not divide remain.
5. In ________ phase, DNA is copied.
6. In ________phase things for cell division are made.
7. Division of the nucleus happens during _________________.
8. Label each of the following pictures with the correct phase of mitosis.
______________
_____________
A
B
_______________
C
__________________
D
9. Put the phases of mitosis above in the correct order ________________.
10. In ______________, chromosomes coil, nuclear envelope dissolves, and spindle forms.
11 In ______________, nuclear envelopes reform, chromosomes uncoil, and spindle fibers break down
12. In ______________, chromosomes line up on equator, and spindles link chromatids to opposite poles
13. In ______________, centromeres divide, and chromatids move to poles
14. At the end of mitosis, ____________ occurs.
15. Cytokinesis happens differently in plants and animals because plant cells have a _____ _______.
16. Draw a picture and label the difference in plant and animal cell cytokinesis.
8 Chapter 6 Extra Practice
1. _________________ ____________________ is the process by which bacteria reproduce.
2. The point at which two chromatids are attached to each other in a chromosome is called a(n) ______________.
3. ___________________ are joined strands of duplicated genetic material.
4. The chromosomes in your body exist in ____ pairs in all cells but gametes.
5. In order to fit within a cell, DNA becomes more compact by wrapping tightly around associated _______________.
6. Normal human females develop from fertilized eggs containing the sex chromosomes __ __.
7. __________________________ chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes containing genes that code for the same traits.
8. In humans, gametes contain _____ autosomes and ___ sex chromosome.
9. In humans, the ___________ determines the sex of the child because _________ have one X and one Y chromosome.
10. The X and Y chromosomes are called the _________ ____________________________.
11. How many chromosomes are in the body cells of an organism that has a haploid number of 10? __________
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12. The diploid number of chromosomes in a human skin cell is ______. The number of chromosomes found in a human
ovum (egg) is ______
13. Trisomy is a mutation that results in a cell having an extra ________________________.
14. A ______________ cell is one that has two homologues of each chromosome, is designated by the symbol 2n ,and
has chromosomes found in pairs.
15. If ___________________________ occurs, a gamete will receive too many or too few homologues of a chromosome.
16. A mutation caused by a piece of DNA breaking away from its chromosome and becoming attached to a
nonhomologous chromosome is called____________________.
17. People with Down syndrome have ____ chromosomes
18. A student can study a karyotype to learn about the number and structure of the chromosomes in a somatic cell.
19. The stage of the cell cycle that occupies most of the cell’s life is ____.
20. What is the correct sequence of the cell cycle?__________________________________________________
21. Cells that are not dividing remain in the _______________________ phase.
22. The synthesis (S) phase is characterized by ________ _____________________
23. ___________________ is the process by which the nucleus is divided into two nuclei.
24. The first three phases of the cell cycle are collectively known as ______________________.
25. The cell cycle is monitored as each cell passes through ______________________.
26. In eukaryotes, the cell cycle is controlled by _________________.
27. Normal cells become ____________ cells when regulation of cell growth and division is lost, cells do not respond
normally to control mechanisms, and cells continue to divide without passing through G1.
28. The phase of mitosis that is characterized by the arrangement of all chromosomes along the equator of the cell is
called
29. As a result of mitosis, each of the two new cells produced from the parent cell during cytokinesis receives an
________________ copy of all the chromosomes present in the parent cell.
30.
A
B
C
D
The cell in diagram A is __________________________.
The cell in diagram B is __________________________.
The cell in diagram C is __________________________.
The cell in diagram D is __________________________.
The cell in diagram E is __________________________.
Put the letters in the correct order. _______________________________________
31. _____________________ is a process by which a cell’s nucleus divides.
32.
E
Which of the following correctly indicates the order in which these events occur?_____________________
Refer to the illustration above. During which stage do the centromeres divide?____________
33. In plant cells, ______________________ occurs as mitosis ends
34. Cytokinesis in plant and animal cells occur differently because ________ cells do not have a cell wall.
35. Cytokinesis in plant cells involves the formation of ______ ___________ because plant cells have a ____ ______.
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36. Which of the following types of reproduction make genetically identical offspring? _______
_____________________________
__________________________
37. Label the two processed above as specifically as possible.
38. People who have been exposed to excessive radiation often
experience mutations. If these mutations only occur
in somatic (body) cells, these people may —experience
an increased risk of cancer _
39. What is the correct sequence for plant cell mitosis?  ___________
40. Which is the correct order of changes or positions of chromosomes within the cell cycle?
____Condensed
____Replicated
____Middle
____Opposite poles
____Cytokinesis
9 Karyotyping on the Web
Procedure
Use your mouse to drag the chromosomes from the left side into place next to the pre-arranged, numbered
chromosomes on the right.
Analysis Questions
1. Sketch the karyotype you made. (Be accurate with the size of each chromosome and try with the band
pattern and width if possible)
2. Describe what features of the chromosomes you used to match them into pairs. ______________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Describe anything that made matching the chromosomes difficult. ___________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
4. When you have finished arranging your chromosomes, is your karyotype of a male or female? ______
5. What feature of the karyotype indicates this? _____________________________________________
6. How would you expect the karyotype of the opposite sex to differ from the one you identified? _____
____________________________________________________________________________________
7. Use your text book (page 122-123) to identify a chromosomal disorder that results from non-disjunction.
_____________________________________________________________
8. How would the karyotype show this disorder? ___________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
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10 Cell & Mitosis Crossword Puzzle
ACROSS CLUES:
DOWN CLUES:
1. One member of a chromosome doublet.
6. Dark-staining body (composed of 2 chromatids) inside a cell during M-phase.
7. Chromosome number of sterile animal such as a mule.
9. Body part with definite physiological function (made of more than one tissue).
10. Shrinkage of the cell contents (within cell membrane) due to water loss.
12. Prominent intracellular plant organelle that contains mostly water.
14. World's smallest flowering plant that produces the world's smallest fruit.
17. Phase of mitosis when conjoined sister chromatids separate from each other.
18. Number of haploid sets in a hexaploid cell.
20. Diameter of field of view in millimeters when using the 4X objective.
21. Purple, grape-like bodies inside cells of a potato tuber.
22. Phase of mitosis when chromosomes become visibly shortened and thickened.
23. Organelle site of cellular respiration and ATP production.
26. Number of haploid sets of chromosomes in a decaploid cell.
28. Aggregation of the same type of cells all performing a similar function.
29. Exactly 1000 of these metric units equals one millimeter.
30. Color of dye used to stain cheek epithelial cells in Biology 100 lab.
31. A female chicken (domestic fowl). [The opposite of a rooster.]
32. Acronym for Palomar Community College.
35. Movement of water molecules through a selectively-permeable cell
membrane.
39. Phase of mitosis when chromosome doublets line up along equatorial plate.
40. Primary molecular composition of chromatids--in addition to protein.
41. Site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA within the nucleus of a cell.
43. A haploid female reproductive cell.
44. Minute, membrane-bound structure in cytoplasm with a specific function.
1. Occurs in the cytoplasm of animal cells during M-phase (typically in pairs).
2. Approximately 25 of these metric units makes one inch.
3. Stain used to test for the presence of starch molecules.
4. How many cubical grains of ordinary table salt (NaCl) equals one millimeter?
5. Number of Barr bodies inside the cheek cell of a human male.
6. Photosynthetic organelle inside plant cells.
8. Cell with two sets of chromosomes.
11. Mitosis actually refers to the division of this organelle into duplicates.
13. Region where 2 chromatids of a chromosome doublet are attached.
14. Plant cell structure composed of cellulose and lignin.
15. Radiating protein strands at poles of an animal cell during M-phase.
16. Number of sets of chromosomes in a diploid cell.
19. Phase of cell cycle when the organelles and chromosomes replicate.
20. Number of cells in field of view with 4X objective (each cell is 0.8 mm).
24. Number of Barr bodies inside cheek cell of male with Klinefelter's Syndrome.
25. Movement of water molecules into porous material causing swelling.
27. Number of haploid sets of chromosomes in a nonaploid cell.
28. Phase of plant mitosis when the cell plate forms.
29. One set of chromosomes from the mother.
32. One set of chromosomes from the father.
33. Intracellular (intravacuolar) plant structure composed of calcium oxalate.
34. Cell with only one set of chromosomes.
36. Season of the year when smallest, most dense oak wood cells are produced.
37. Season of the year when largest stem (xylem) cells of an oak are produced.
38. Protein strands that attach to centromere region during M-phase of cell cycle.
42. Smallest subunit of a living system--containing cytoplasm and organelles.
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11 Onion Root Tip Lab
Name ___________________________
1. Read the first page carefully and watch the animation.
2. Read the second page carefully. The pictures are of animal cells, but you will be looking at plant
cells.
3. Read the directions above the table below on the computer.
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Total
Number
36
of cells
Percent
100
of cells
%
4. On the next page is a picture of a cell in one of the phases. Click on the phase (in blue) that you think
this picture belongs in.
If you are correct it will pop up in the box and give you
another one to choose from above the table
If you are wrong, it will give you an explanation
and ask you to try again.  Try again.
5. Repeat until you go through all 36 pictures. When you finish count the pictures in each column and
write the total in the first row above.
6. Then, calculate the percentage of cells in each phase by taking the number of cells and dividing it by
the total number of cells (36) and then multiplying it by 100.
_number of cells_ X 100 =
36
Fill in the second row in the table above with your answer for each phase
7. Double check each row and make sure that your numbers equal 36 for the first row and 100 for the
second.
8. Pick one picture from each row and draw it in the box below. Remember that you are drawing a plant
cell, so your picture should look like a plant cell (not an animal cell).
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
9. Color the chromosomes in the pictures above red, and the cell wall green.
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