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What is the smallest level of
organization in all living things?
• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/s
cale/
Biochemistry - Atoms, Molecules,
Macromolecules, and Chemical
Reactions of Life
Molecule of the Month
•http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do
What types of atoms/elements are all living
organisms made up of? “CHNOPS”
What other elements are used for cellular processes?
• Non“CHNOPS”
elements
used as ions
in the body.
How do neutral atoms form ions?
How are ionic bonds different from
covalent bonds?
Covalent vs. Ionic Bonds
COVALENT:
• Share electrons
• STRONG bonds
IONIC:
• Donates electrons
• WEAK bonds
This means that covalent bonds are not normally broken
under biological conditions (temperature) unless by
enzymatic catalysis. This is in opposition to weak bonds like
hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds which are easily broken
under normal biological conditions of temperature and
pressure.
Why carbon as the foundation of all life?
1) Can make the most number of
bonds possible
2) Can store lots of energy
3) Light-weight
Monomers & Polymers
-Polymer: macromolecule (compound) made up of
smaller, repeating units.
-Monomer: simplest repeating unit of a polymer;
smaller molecules that bond together to form polymers
What types of monomers and polymers do CHNOPS
elements atoms form? ORGANIC & INORGANIC
Organic vs. Inorganic Molecules
• Ex: Water, salt,
carbon dioxide,
ammonia.
• Contain C-H bonds
• Ex: Nucleic acids,
fats, carbohydrates,
proteins, sugars,
enzymes, etc.
Which of the following represent
organic molecules?
Polymers (Macromolecules) & Monomers (Molecules) of Life
Polymer Structures, Bonds, &
Metabolic Reactions
Objectives:
• How can you identify the different polymers of life
from their chemical structure?
• What types of bonds are formed/broken
• What are the types of reactions that form/break all
the monomers and polymers used by your cells?
Simple Sugars (monosaccharides) bond
together to form different sized
carbohydrates
What sugars and carbohydrates are used by plants and
animals?
Examples of Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, &
Polysaccharide Chemical Structures
Glycerol and Fatty acids bond together to form
different kinds of lipids (Ex: Triglycerides)
How can you identify fatty acids and glycerol based
on their structures?
Glycerol Structure
General Structure of Fatty Acid
Amino acids bond together to form
different sizes of proteins
Amino Acid Structure
FOR HL:
FOR SL:
What types of chemical bonds are associated with each
polymer type? Peptide, Ester, & Glycosidic
What type of bond connects two
nucleotides?
Summary of Polymers & Monomers
Polymer
Monomer(s)
Monomer Structure
Identification
Bond Name
Proteins
Peptide
Lipids
Ester
Carbohydra
tes
Glycosidic
Warm Up 9/14: Use the information in the table to fill
in the empty cells.
Polymer
Monomer(s)
Monomer Structure
Bond Name
Peptide
Lipids
Sugars
What is biochemistry?
(Also called “Molecular
Biology”)
• A focus into the
chemical properties and
processes that occur in
living organisms
• Metabolism: the sum of
chemical reactions
within a cell or whole
organism
What are the two categories of reactions that
form/break down all organic polymers?
•
•
•
•
Anabolism
Catabolism (Catastrophe!!)
Definition: Synthesis of
• Definition: Breakdown of
molecules/monomers into
larger
more complex polymers
macromolecules/polymers
Purpose: building of
• Purpose: release of energy
materials needed by/found
• Example: Hydrolysis
in cellular processes
Requires energy
Example: Condensation (or
Dehydration)
Anabolism or catabolism?
Anabolism or catabolism?
(Dehydration)
Compare & Contrast:
CONDENSATION
(DEHYRDATION)
-Makes bonds
-Water as a
product
-Anabolism
HYDROLYSIS
Involve
Water
-Breaks bonds
-Water used
as a reactant
to break
bonds
-Catabolism
Extra Details for Condensation & Hydrolysis Reactions
Animations of Condensation +
Hydrolysis Reactions
•Proteins & Amino Acids:
https://sciencevideos.files.wordpress.com/20
08/03/peptidebond.gif
•Carbohydrates & Sugars:
https://sciencevideos.files.wordpress.com/200
8/03/maltoseibiologystephen.gif
•Triglycerides, Glycerol, & Fatty Acids:
https://sciencevideos.files.wordpress.com/200
8/03/triglycerideibiologystephen.gif
IB Bank Question:
Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in
the relationships between monosaccharide’s
disaccharides and polysaccharides; between fatty
acids, glycerol and triglycerides; and between
amino acids and polypeptides:
Outline:
•What is condensation?
•What is hydrolysis?
•What monomers make up proteins? What type of
chemical bond connects these monomers? What is
the role of condensation and hydrolysis?
•What monomers make up carbohydrates
(polysaccharides)? What type of chemical bond
connects these monomers? What is the role of
condensation and hydrolysis?
•What monomers make up triglycerides (lipids)?
What type of bond connects these monomers?
What is the role of condensation and hydrolysis?
•Link: http://jmol.sourceforge.net/