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Analytical Chemistry: Drug Identification and Toxicology Illicit Drugs 1. What does the DEA stand for and what do they do? 2. Define a drug. 3. How (by what criteria) are illicit drugs classified? 4. Which organization determines whether a drug has legitimate medical use? 5. What are some of the factors they have to take into consideration when determining a drug’s potential for abuse? 6. Give one fact and two examples for each: a) Schedule I: b) Schedule II: c) Schedule III: d) Schedule IV: e) Schedule V: 7. Name the four major classes of illicit drugs. 8. What effects does a stimulant have on the human body? 9. Cocaine is a stimulant. How is cocaine derived? 10. What two household items are used to convert cocaine into crack? 11. Where does methamphetamine come from (how do they make meth)? 12. What effects does a depressant have on the human body? 13. Name four popular hallucinogens. 14. What is a narcotic? 15. How is heroine different from morphine (molecules, schedules, uses), and how are they similar? Drug Homework Page 1 Analytical Chemistry: Drug Identification and Toxicology Type Of Test Urine Blood Breath Hair How Test Is Performed Accuracy Results Invasive? Easily Tampered? The person to be tested provides a urine sample then the provided sample is evaluated by a presumptive color test to see if there are drugs in the system or not. Can be done in a lab or at home. This form of a drug test is accurate to an extent. There are many false positives that can occur from common household items, and one’s urine could be diluted causing the test to come out negative. The results will show drug use within approximately 1-7 days depending on the type of drug taken. The only invasive part about this test is that sometimes you will have to urinate in front of an authorized individual. This test can also be tampered with by using another individual’s urine. A small amount of blood will be taken and then run through a laboratory to be tested for drugs: this test must be performed in a hospital setting. This test is very accurate for on the spot testing of drugs if one has overdosed and is in the hospital. However, it is not a very practical form of testing outside of a medical setting. This test can only be used to test if that person is currently under the influence of the drug and it is circulating at that moment through the bloodstream. This is a form of testing commonly used by police officers when they pull someone over on the road; they will use a breathalyzer and the individual will blow into the machine and the officer will be given a reading. A small clump of an individual’s hair is taken from the root and tested; can be performed in a lab or can be performed at home with a kit. This test is semi accurate due to there being many factors that determine the reading, such as environmental settings and the software used for the reading (may be cheap or not fully accurate). It is easy to use. These results show the presence of the drug only while it is circulating through your system (in the blood) Once out of blood will no longer show usage. This test would be the MOST invasive of the testing because it would require one to go to the hospital to have their blood drawn; this test would be very hard to tamper due to it being in a hospital setting. This test is the least invasive of all due to it just requiring the individual to breathe onto a machine; this also cannot be tampered with due to the breathing and analysis done right on the spot. This test is very accurate because it takes the follicle of the hair and its skin tag. Best results achieved in a lab where a technician can precisely clip the hair into pieces, which can show results over time (like the pages of a book). The results do not show immediate drug use, it will show drug use over the past 90 days. This test is somewhat invasive. It only requires the individual to give a small sample of their hair; this test is very difficult to be tempered with unless you use someone else’s hair. Some tests can use body hair instead of head hair. Things to know from this chart or outside research: Is the test invasive? Describe how the test sample is collected from the subject. How does the test work? Describe how the analyst works with the sample. How expensive is the testing? No exact amount, but rank from least to most expensive. Is a skilled technician required to perform the test and to read the results? Is the test generally more reliable for short or long term drug usage? Explain. How reliable is the drug test? What variables might affect the results? Drug Homework Page 2 Analytical Chemistry: Drug Identification and Toxicology Further Study on your own: 1. Many people take their pills first thing in the morning. If they eat grapefruit or drink grapefruit juice, they may be inhibiting the metabolism of their drug. Unfortunately, many people are unaware of this. Concomitant administration of a drug (taking the drug along with something else) should therefore be avoided. a. What types of drugs are affected by grapefruit or grapefruit juice? b. Explain how the grapefruit or grapefruit juice inhibits the metabolism of the drug. 2. A patient walked into the doctor’s office to get her flu shot. After receiving the shot, the small pinprick kept bleeding. The nurse asked the patient if she was taking aspirin. The patient replied that she was taking a small dose everyday to help reduce the risk of heart attacks. Curious, the patient asked the nurse, how he knew she was taking aspirin. a. Describe your findings about aspirin and its relationship to bleeding. Why did the patient bleed more than normally after receiving a flu vaccination? b. Explain why someone about to have surgery is told to stop taking aspirin prior to the surgery. c. Discuss how low doses of aspirin can help reduce the chance of a heart attack. 3. The price of drugs in the past 10 years has continued to increase. To try to reduce the cost of drugs, health insurance companies have looked to reducing a co-payment if the insured purchases a less expensive brand of drug. a. Identify the difference between a generic and non-generic drug in terms of effectiveness and cost. b. Explain the difference between a preferred drug and a non-preferred drug. Drug Homework Page 3 Analytical Chemistry: Drug Identification and Toxicology Drug Identification 1. What are the differences among a controlled substance, an illicit drug, a prescription drug, and an OTC drug? 2. What is a presumptive test? When can it be useful? What are its limitations? 3. A sample of light brown powder found in the kitchen of an alleged drug house gives a blue precipitate with cobalt thiocyanate. What is it? Is there enough evidence to prosecute? 4. What are the two phases (steps) in a forensic scientist’s analytical scheme (plan of action)? 5. What is the difference between a screening test and a confirmation test? 6. What is the difference between a qualitative evaluation and a quantitative evaluation? 7. What are the types of chromatography? 8. Why is chromatography particularly well suited to the needs of a drug analyst? 9. In chromatography, the distribution of a gas between the liquid and gas phases is determined by which of the following? a. The density of the gas relative to the liquid. b. The volume of the gas in the container. c. The solubility of the gas in the liquid. d. The mass of the gas relative to the liquid. 10. Name one distinct advantage of gas chromatography in the identification of drugs. 11. What is the main drawback of gas chromatography in the identification of drugs? 12. With what analytical device is a gas chromatograph often connected to analyze drug mixtures, and why? 13. Define each of the following abbreviations: a. PDR c. OTC e. THC g. NSAID i. FDA k. DEA Drug Homework b. d. f. h. j. l. CNS UV Spec FTIR or IR Spec GC-MS TLC Rf Page 4 Analytical Chemistry: Drug Identification and Toxicology Drug Marijuana LSD Amphetamines Cocaine Heroin Barbiturat es Reagent Duquenois -Levine (D -L) Erlich/Van Urk (ERL) Marquis (MARQ) Cobalt thiocyanate (CO) Marquis (MARQ) Dille -Kopanyi (D -K) Color Blue -violet Blue -violet Red-orange --->brown Blue flaky precipitate Purple Violet 14. (2 pts) A police officer stops a motorist who is driving erratically and notices a bag of white powder on the front seat of the car that he suspects contains heroin. The officer brings the bag to you, a forensic scientist in the local crime lab. Name one screening test that you might perform to determine the presence of heroin. Assuming the powder tests positive for heroin, what test should you do next? 15. (2 pts) You have tested a sample of a white powder with cobalt thiocyanate reagent and obtained a blue precipitate. You think you have _______________, but you ask the spectroscopy lab for a confirmation. They provide the following spectrum. What is your sample? (Use Appendix D). 16. (4 pts) You get a violet-blue color with Marquis reagent on a sample submitted to your lab. You ask the mass spectroscopy lab to check it for you, and they submit these mass spectra (there were two components). What is your sample? (Use Appendix E). a) Results of the Marquis test: b) Results of the mass spec: c) What is it? d) Explain your results. Drug Homework Page 5 Analytical Chemistry: Drug Identification and Toxicology 17. (5 pts) As the expert witness at a trial, you have been asked to explain to a jury (generally considered to be, on the average, seventh- to ninth-grade level in science) the basis of GC-MS, and how ethyl alcohol can be differentiated from propyl alcohol. The defendant is charged with second degree murder of the victim, who died of poisoning. The two had been together the night of the death, partying hard, and the defendant claims that his friend simply drank too much that night. The prosecution claims that the defendant served propanol instead of ethanol. a. Explain to the jury the difference between ethyl alcohol and propyl alcohol. b. Explain to the jury how the GC-MS works, and how it can be used in the lab to tell the two liquids apart. c. How would the type of liquid identified by the GC-MS influence this case? 18. (3 pts) A police officer pulls a car over for a minor traffic violation. The officer thinks she smells marijuana in the car. A search uncovers a plastic bag containing plantlike material stuffed under the front seat. The occupants of the car insist it is “stuff used to make incense, like oregano and cloves” and is strictly innocent. A sample has been submitted to the lab for analysis. a. Estimate the amount of marijuana in this case. b. What would be the maximum sentence if the driver were convicted as a first offense? (Use Appendix B) 19. (3 pts) At the international arrivals area of the Detroit Metro Airport, the random inspection of a passenger’s suitcase reveals a film canister containing a white powder. The passenger indignantly says it is Motrin (ibuprofen), powdered for quick dissolving as a headache remedy, and that he never travels without it. Customs agents need a quick spot test because they don’t know whether to call the DEA or let the man go. You want them to run a quick test, but they don’t have a full lab at the airport. What do you advise them to do? 20. (3 pts) Say this man is apprehended with 50 grams of cocaine in the film canister. Upon further inspection, ten more canisters are found in the man’s luggage. a. Estimate the amount of cocaine in this case. b. What could be the sentence if he were convicted as a first offense? (Use Appendix C) Drug Homework Page 6