Download outline blanks

Chapter 10
Muscular System
I.
Introduction
a. There are more than __________ skeletal muscles in the body
b. From __________ to __________ of our body weight is skeletal muscle
c. __________, along with the skeleton, determine the __________ and
contour of our __________
d. The manner in which muscles are __________, the relationship of muscles
to __________, and how muscles __________ to the skeleton determine
purposeful __________ movement.
II.
Skeletal Muscle Structure (figure 10-3)
a. Connective tissue components
1. Endomysium – delicate __________e tissue membrane that
covers __________ fibers
2. Perimysium – __________connective tissue __________
together fascicles (Groups of skeletal muscle __________ are
called fascicles)
3. Epimysium – Coarse __________ covering the muscle as a
whole
4. Tendon – A strong __________ cord continuous at its other end
with a __________ periosteum __________ a bone
5. Aponeurosis – Fibrous __________of a muscle that may extend
as a__________ sheet of __________ tissue
6. Fascia - Fibrous __________ tissue surrounding the __________
organ and outside the epimysium and __________ (Fascia is a
general __________for the fibrous connective tissue found under
the skin and surrounding many __________ organs, including
skeletal muscles and __________
7. Tendon sheaths are tube – shaped structures of fibrous
__________tissue that enclose certain tendons, notably those of
the __________ and ankle.
b. Size shape, and fiber arrangement (figure 10-4)
1. Skeletal muscles vary considerably in __________, __________,
and__________arrangement
2. Size – range from extremely __________ to large __________
3. Shape – variety of __________, such as, broad, __________,
long, tapering, __________, blunt, triangular, quadrilateral,
__________, flat sheets, or bulky masses
4. Arrangement – __________ of arrangements (parallel to long
axis, converge to a __________ attachment, oblique, pinnate,
bipennate, or __________; the direction of fibers is significant
due to its relationship to__________
c. Attachment of muscles (figure 10-5)
1
1. Origin – Point of __________ that does not move when the
__________ contracts
2. Insertion- Point of attachment that __________ when the muscle
__________
3. A muscle is attached to the __________ and the tibia. Its
function or __________is to bend the knee. When it contracts, it
bends the knees, so the __________ attachment is the
__________
d. Muscle actions
1. Skeletal muscles almost always __________in groups rather than
singly.
2. Prime mover (agonist) - is used to describe the muscle or
__________of muscles that directly performs a specific
__________
3. Action (function) – Is the movement __________ by a muscle
acting as a prime mover
4. Antagonists
 Are __________ that when contracting directly
__________prime movers (agonists).
 They are __________ while the prime mover is contracting
to __________ movement
5. Synergists
 Are muscles that __________ at the same time as the prime
mover
 They complement __________ mover actions so that the
prime mover produces a more __________ movement
6. Fixator muscles function as joint stabilizers / They maintain
__________ or balance during __________ of prime movers
e. Lever systems
1. In the human body bones__________as levers and joints serve as
fulcrums; contracting muscle __________a pulling force on a
bone __________at the point of the muscle’s attachment to the
bone, causing the insertion bone to more about its joint fulcrum
2. The lever system is composed of __________ parts (figure 10-6)
 Rigid bar (__________)
 Fulcrum (F) around which the __________ moves (joint)
 Load (L) that is __________
 Pull (P) that produces __________ (muscle contraction)
3. First class levers
 Fulcrum lies between the __________and the __________
 Not __________ in the human body; serve as levers of
stability
4. Second class levers
 Load __________between the fulcrum and
the__________at which the pull is exerted
2

Presence of these levers in the human body is a
controversial __________
5. Third class levers
 Pull is __________ between the fulcrum and load (weight
to be __________)
 __________rapid and extensive movement
 Most __________ type of lever __________ in the body
III.
How muscles are named
a. Muscle __________ can be in Latin or __________
b. Muscles are named using one or more of the following:
1. Location (See table 10-1)
 Many muscles are named as a result of l__________
 Brachialis (__________) muscle
 Gluteus (__________) muscles
2. Function (See table 10-2)
 The __________ of a muscle is frequently part of its
__________
 Adductor muscles of the __________adduct, or __________,
the leg __________ the midline of the body
3. Shape
 Shape is a __________feature used for naming muscles
 Deltoid (__________) muscle covering the shoulder is
delta, or__________in shape.
4. Direction of fibers.
 Muscles may be named according to the __________ of their
fibers
 The term rectus means __________.
 The fibers of the rectus abdominis muscle run straight up and
down and are __________to each other
5. Number of heads or divisions (points of origin
 The biceps have__________
 Triceps have __________
 Quadriceps have __________
 The biceps brachii is a muscle having __________ heads
located in the __________
6. Points of attachment
 Origin and insertion __________ may be used to name a
muscle
 Sternocleidomastoid has its origin on the __________ and
clavicle and inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal
__________
7. Size of muscle
 The relative __________ of a muscle, especially if it is
__________ to the size nearby __________
3

Gluteus maximus is the __________ muscle of the gluteal
__________
IV.
Important muscles of facial expression and of mastication and Muscles that
move the head
a. Epicranius – Raises __________, wrinkles forehead horizontally
b. Corrugator supercilii – Wrinkles forehead vertically (__________)
c. Orbicularis oculi – Closes __________
d. Buccinator – permits __________
e. Pterygoids – Grates __________ (mastification – chewing)
f. Sternocleidomastoid – Flexes head (__________ muscle)
V.
Muscles that move the forearm
a. Biceps brachii
1. Flexes supinated __________
2. Use when__________an object (weight) __________
b. Brachialis
1. __________ pronated forearm
2. Uses when flexing “your__________”
c. Triceps brachii – Extends__________ arm
VI.
Muscles that move the lower leg
a. Include muscles that move the __________ and __________
b. The pelvic girdles and lower extremity function in __________ and
maintenance of __________
c. Hamstring group – Posterior of thigh
1. Biceps femoris – flexes __________
2. Semitendinosus – extends __________
3. Semimembranosus – extends __________
d. Quadricepts femoris group
e. Sartorius
Posture
a. Maintaining the __________of the body is one of the __________ roles
muscles play
b. Good posture – body alignment that most favors__________, requires the
__________ muscular work to maintain keeping the body’s __________of
gravity over its __________
c. How maintained
1. Muscles exert a continual __________ on bones in the opposite
direction from __________
2. Structures other than __________ and __________ have a role in
maintaining posture
3. The following systems help maintain posture
a. __________system
b. __________ system
c. __________ system
VII.
4
d. Endorcirne __________
VIII.
Cycle of life: Muscular System
a. Muscle cells – __________or __________ in number, size and ability to
shorten at different __________
b. Pathological conditions at different periods may __________ the muscular
system
c. Life cycle changes – Infancy and childhood changes in coordination and
__________ muscle contraction
d. Degenerative changes of advancing age result in __________of muscle
cells with nonfunctional __________ tissue. This results in diminished
__________
5