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Transcript
1. Describe the Circuit Switching, Message Switching, and Packet Switching methods of network communication. 2. Describe the three communication types of Unicast, Multicast and Broadcasting. 3. What are the Key Features of a Protocol? Set of rules or conventions to exchange blocks of formatted data Syntax: data format Semantics: control information (coordination, error handling) Timing: speed matching, sequencing 4. Describe the router functions in an internetworking environment. Routers Provide link between networks Accommodate network differences: Addressing schemes Maximum packet sizes Hardware and software interfaces Network reliability Timing: speed matching, sequencing 5. What is the function of Checksum Field in a TCP header? Applied to data segment and part of the header Protects against bit errors in user data and addressing information Filled in at source Checked at destination 6. How the next generation IPv6 improves IPv4 Options Security Source routing Route recording timestamping IPv6 Increase IP address from 32 bits to 128 Accommodate higher network speeds, mix of data streams (graphics, video, audio) Fixed size 40-octet header, followed by optional extension headers Longer header but fewer fields (8 vs 12), so routers should have less processing IPv6 Header Version Traffic class Flow label Payload length Next header Hop limit Source address Destination address IPv6 Addresses 128 bits Longer addresses can have structure that assists routing 3 types: Unicast Anycast multicast 7. Briefly describe the Circuit-Switching and Packet-Switching techniques, and list the advantages and disadvantages of Packet-Switching Networks Circuit-Switching Long-haul telecom network designed for voice Network resources dedicated to one call Shortcomings when used for data: Inefficient (high idle time) Constant data rate Packet-Switching Data transmitted in short blocks, or packets Packet length < 1000 octets Each packet contains user data plus control info (routing) Store and forward Packet-Switching Networks Basic technology the same as in the 1970s One of the few effective technologies for long distance data communications Frame relay and ATM are variants of packet-switching Advantages: Flexibility, resource sharing, robust, responsive Disadvantages: Time delays in distributed network, overhead penalties – Need for routing and congestion control 8. How the Frame Relay Networks varies from packet-switching technique? Describe the Frame Relay Architechure and LAPF core. Frame Relay Networks Designed to eliminate much of the overhead in X.25 Call control signaling on separate logical connection from user data Multiplexing/switching of logical connections at layer 2 (not layer 3) No hop-by-hop flow control and error control Throughput an order of magnitude higher than X.25 Frame Relay Architecture X.25 has 3 layers: physical, link, network Frame Relay has 2 layers: physical and data link (or LAPF) LAPF core: minimal data link control Preservation of order for frames Small probability of frame loss LAPF control: additional data link or network layer end-to-end functions LAPF Core Frame delimiting, alignment and transparency Frame multiplexing/demultiplexing Inspection of frame for length constraints Detection of transmission errors Congestion control 9. Describe the ATM Protocol Architecture and list it’s three planes Protocol Model ATM Protocol Architecture Fixed-size packets called cells Streamlined: minimal error and flow control 2 protocol layers relate to ATM functions: Common layer providing packet transfers Service dependent ATM adaptation layer (AAL) AAL maps other protocols to ATM Protocol Model has 3 planes User Control management 10. What are the ATM’s Service Categories and VPC/VCC Characteristics? Service Categories Real-time service Constant bit rate (CBR) Real-time variable bit rate (rt-VBR) Non-real-time service Non-real-time variable bit rate (nrt-VBR) Available bit rate (ABR) Unspecified bit rate (UBR) Guaranteed frame rate (GFR) VPC/VCC Characteristics Quality of Service (QoS) Switched and semi-permanent virtual channel connections Cell sequence integrity Traffic parameter negotiation and usage monitoring (VPC only) virtual channel identifier restriction within a VPC