Download Chapter 2 Intro to Java Applications

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2
Introduction
to Java Applications
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2.1 Introduction
• Java application programming
–
–
–
–
Display messages
Obtain information from the user
Arithmetic calculations
Decision-making fundamentals
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2.2 First Program in Java: Printing a Line
of Text
• Application
– Executes when you use the java command
to launch the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
• Sample program
– Displays a line of text
– Illustrates several important Java language
features
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2.2 First Program in Java: Printing a Line
of Text (Cont.)
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// Fig. 2.1: Welcome1.java
– Comments start with: //
• Comments ignored during program execution
• Document and describe code
• Provides code readability
– Traditional comments: /* ... */
/* This is a traditional
comment. It can be
split over many lines */
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// Text-printing program.
– Another line of comments
– Note: line numbers not part of program, added
for reference
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2.2 First Program in Java: Printing a Line
of Text (Cont.)
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– Blank line
• Makes program more readable
• Blank lines, spaces, and tabs are white-space
characters
– Ignored by compiler
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public class Welcome1
– Begins class declaration for class Welcome1
• Every Java program has at least one user-defined class
• Keyword: words reserved for use by Java
– class keyword followed by class name
• Naming classes: capitalize every word
– SampleClassName
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2.2 First Program in Java: Printing a Line
of Text (Cont.)
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public class Welcome1
– Java identifier
• Series of characters consisting of letters, digits,
underscores ( _ ) and dollar signs ( $ )
• Does not begin with a digit, has no spaces
• Examples: Welcome1, $value, _value, button7
– 7button is invalid
• Java is case sensitive (capitalization matters)
– a1 and A1 are different
– In chapters 2 to 7, use public class
• Certain details not important now
• Mimic certain features, discussions later
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2.2 First Program in Java: Printing a Line
of Text (Cont.)
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public class Welcome1
– Saving files
• File name must be class name with .java extension
• Welcome1.java
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{
– Left brace {
• Begins body of every class
• Right brace ends declarations (line 13)
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2.2 First Program in Java: Printing a Line
of Text (Cont.)
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public static void main( String args[] )
– Part of every Java application
• Applications begin executing at main
– Parentheses indicate main is a method (Ch. 3 and 6)
– Java applications contain one or more methods
• Exactly one method must be called main
– Methods can perform tasks and return information
• void means main returns no information
• For now, mimic main's first line
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{
– Left brace begins body of method declaration
• Ended by right brace } (line 11)
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2.2 First Program in Java: Printing a Line
of Text (Cont.)
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System.out.println( "Welcome to Java Programming!" );
– Instructs computer to perform an action
• Prints string of characters
– String - series characters inside double quotes
• White-spaces in strings are not ignored by compiler
– System.out
• Standard output object
• Print to command window (i.e., MS-DOS prompt)
– Method System.out.println
• Displays line of text
– This line known as a statement
• Statements must end with semicolon ;
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2.2 First Program in Java: Printing a Line
of Text (Cont.)
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} // end method main
– Ends method declaration
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} // end class Welcome1
– Ends class declaration
– Can add comments to keep track of ending
braces
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2.3 Modifying Our First Java Program
• Modifying programs
– Welcome2.java (Fig. 2.3) produces same output as
Welcome1.java (Fig. 2.1)
– Using different code
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System.out.print( "Welcome to " );
System.out.println( "Java Programming!" );
– Line 9 displays “Welcome to ” with cursor remaining
on printed line
– Line 10 displays “Java Programming! ” on same line
with cursor on next line
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2.3 Modifying Our First Java Program
(Cont.)
• Escape characters
– Backslash ( \ )
– Indicates special characters be output
• Newline characters (\n)
– Interpreted as “special characters” by methods
System.out.print and System.out.println
– Indicates cursor should be at the beginning of the
next line
– Welcome3.java (Fig. 2.4)
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System.out.println( "Welcome\nto\nJava\nProgramming!" );
– Line breaks at \n
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Escape Description
sequence
\n
Newline. Position the screen cursor at the beginning of the next line.
\t
\r
Horizontal tab. Move the screen cursor to the next tab stop.
Carriage return. Position the screen cursor at the beginning of the
current line—do not advance to the next line. Any characters output
after the carriage return overwrite the characters previously output
on that line.
Backslash. Used to print a backslash character.
Double quote. Used to print a double-quote character. For example,
System.out.println( "\"in quotes\"" );
displays
"in quotes"
\\
\"
Fig. 2.5 | Some common escape sequences.
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2.4 Displaying Text with printf
•System.out.printf
– New feature of J2SE 5.0
– Displays formatted data
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System.out.printf( "%s\n%s\n",
"Welcome to", "Java Programming!" );
– Format string
• Fixed text
• Format specifier – placeholder for a value
– Format specifier %s – placeholder for a string
– Other format specifiers
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Formatting Output with printf
•printf
– Precise output formatting
• Conversion specifications: flags, field widths,
precisions, etc.
– Can perform
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
rounding
aligning columns
right/left justification
inserting literal characters
exponential format
octal and hexadecimal format
fixed width and precision
date and time format
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Formatting Output with printf (Cont.)
• Format String
– Describe the output format
– Consist of fixed text and format specifier
• Format specifier
– Placeholder for a value
– Specify the type of data to output
– Begins with a percent sign (%) and is followed by a
conversion character
• E.g., %s, %d
– Optional formatting information
• Argument index, flags, field width, precision
• Specified between % and conversion character
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Printing Integers
• Integer
– Whole number (no decimal point): 25, 0, -9
– Positive, negative, or zero
– Only minus sign prints by default (later we shall
change this)
• Format
– printf( format-string, argument-list );
– format-string
• Describe the output format
– argument-list
• Contain the value corresponding to each format
specifier
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Integer conversion characters.
Conversion character
Description
d
Display a decimal (base 10) integer.
o
Display an octal (base 8) integer.
x or X
Display a hexadecimal (base 16) integer. X causes the digits 0–9
and the letters A–F to be displayed and x causes the digits 0–9
and a–f to be displayed.
• View demonstration program Fig. 28.3
– Note output of positive, negative numbers
– Note octal (base 8) and hexadecimal (base 16) options
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Printing Floating-Point Numbers
• Floating Point Numbers
– Have a decimal point (33.5)
– Computerized scientific notation (exponential
notation)
• 150.4582 is 1.504582 x 10² in scientific
• 150.4582 is 1.504582e+02 in exponential (e stands for
exponent)
• use e or E
– f – print floating point with at least one digit to left of
decimal
– g (or G) - prints in f or e (E)
• Use exponential if the magnitude is less than 10-3, or
greater than or equal to 107
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Floating-point conversion characters.
Conversion character
Description
e or E
Display a floating-point value in exponential notation. When
conversion character E is used, the output is displayed in
uppercase letters.
F
Display a floating-point value in decimal format.
g or G
Display a floating-point value in either the floating-point
format f or the exponential format e based on the magnitude
of the value. If the magnitude is less than 10–3, or greater than
or equal to 107, the floating-point value is printed with e (or
E). Otherwise, the value is printed in format f. When
conversion character G is used, the output is displayed in
uppercase letters.
a or A
Display a floating-point number in hexadecimal format.
When conversion character A is used, the output is displayed
in uppercase letters.
• View program using printf for floating point
numbers, Figure 28.4
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Printing Strings and Characters
• Conversion character c and C
– Require char
– C displays the output in uppercase letters
• Conversion character s and S
– String
– Object
• Implicitly use object’s toString method
– S displays the output in uppercase letters
• View program demonstrating character
conversion with printf, Fig. 28.5
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Printing with Field Widths and Precisions
• Field width
– Size of field in which data is printed
– If width larger than data, default right justified
• If field width too small, increases to fit data
• Minus sign uses one character position in field
– Integer width inserted between % and conversion
specifier
• E.g., %4d – field width of 4
– Can be used with all format specifiers except the line
separator (%n)
• View program demonstrating field width,
Fig. 28.12
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Printing with Field Widths and Precisions
• Precision
– Meaning varies depending on data type
– Floating point
• Number of digits to appear after decimal (e or E and f)
• Maximum number of significant digits (g or G)
– Strings
• Maximum number of characters to be written from
string
– Format
• Use a dot (.) then precision number after %
e.g., %.3f
• View program demonstrating precision,
Fig. 28.13
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Printing with Field Widths and Precisions
• Field width and precision
– Can both be specified
• %width.precision
%5.3f
– Negative field width – left justified
– Positive field width – right justified
– Precision must be positive
• Example:
printf( "%9.3f", 123.456789 );
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2.5 Another Java Application: Adding
Integers
• Program Fig. 2.7 to do keyboard input
– Use Scanner to read two integers from user
– Use printf to display sum of the two values
– Use packages
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2.5 Another Java Application: Adding
Integers (Cont.)
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import java.util.Scanner;
// program uses class Scanner
– import declarations
• Used by compiler to identify and locate classes used in
Java programs
• Tells compiler to load class Scanner from java.util
package
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public class Addition
{
– Begins public class Addition
• Recall that file name must be Addition.java
– Lines 8-9: begins main
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2.5 Another Java Application: Adding
Integers (Cont.)
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// create Scanner to obtain input from command window
Scanner input = new Scanner( System.in );
– Variable Declaration Statement
– Variables
• Location in memory that stores a value
– Declare with name and type before use
• Input is of type Scanner
– Enables a program to read data for use
• Variable name: any valid identifier
– Declarations end with semicolons ;
– Initialize variable in its declaration
• Equal sign
• Standard input object
– System.in
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2.5 Another Java Application: Adding
Integers (Cont.)
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int number1; // first number to add
int number2; // second number to add
int sum; // second number to add
– Declare variable number1, number2 and sum of type
int
• int holds integer values (whole numbers): i.e., 0, -4, 97
• Types float and double can hold decimal numbers
• Type char can hold a single character: i.e., x, $, \n, 7
• int, float, double and char are primitive types
– Can add comments to describe purpose of variables
int number1, // first number to add
number2, // second number to add
sum; // second number to add
– Can declare multiple variables of the same type in one
declaration
– Use comma-separated list
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2.5 Another Java Application: Adding
Integers (Cont.)
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System.out.print( "Enter first integer: " ); // prompt
– Message called a prompt - directs user to
perform an action
– Package java.lang
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number1 = input.nextInt(); // read first number from user
– Result of call to nextInt given to number1
using assignment operator =
• Assignment statement
• = binary operator - takes two operands
– Expression on right evaluated and assigned to
variable on left
• Read as: number1 gets the value of input.nextInt()
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2.5 Another Java Application: Adding
Integers (Cont.)
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System.out.print( "Enter second integer: " ); // prompt
– Similar to previous statement
• Prompts the user to input the second integer
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number2 = input.nextInt(); // read second number from user
– Similar to previous statement
• Assign variable number2 to second integer input
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sum = number1 + number2; // add numbers
– Assignment statement
• Calculates sum of number1 and number2 (right hand side)
• Uses assignment operator = to assign result to variable sum
• Read as: sum gets the value of number1 + number2
• number1 and number2 are operands
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2.5 Another Java Application: Adding
Integers (Cont.)
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System.out.printf( "Sum is %d\n: " , sum ); // display sum
– Use System.out.printf to display results
– Format specifier %d
• Placeholder for an int value
System.out.printf( "Sum is %d\n: " , ( number1 + number2 ) );
– Calculations can also be performed inside
printf
– Parentheses around the expression number1
+ number2 are not required
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2.6 Memory Concepts
• Variables
– Every variable has a name, a type, a size and
a value
• Name corresponds to location in memory
– When new value is placed into a variable,
replaces (and destroys) previous value
– Reading variables from memory does not
change them
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2.7 Arithmetic
• Arithmetic calculations used in most
programs
– Usage
• * for multiplication
• / for division
• % for remainder
• +, -
– Integer division truncates remainder
7 / 5 evaluates to 1
– Remainder operator % returns the remainder
7 % 5 evaluates to 2
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Java
operation
Arithmetic Algebraic
operator
expression
Java
expression
Addition
+
f+7
f + 7
Subtraction
–
p–c
p - c
Bm
b * m
Multiplication *
Division
/
x / y or
or x ÷ y
Fig. 2.11 | Arithmetic operators.
x / y
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2.7 Arithmetic (Cont.)
• Operator precedence
– Some arithmetic operators act before others
(i.e., multiplication before addition)
• Use parenthesis when needed
– Example: Find the average of three variables
a, b and c
• Do not use: a + b + c / 3
• Use: ( a + b + c ) / 3
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Operator(s) Operation(s) Order of evaluation
(precedence)
*
Multiplication
/
Division
%
Remainder
+
Addition
-
Subtraction
Evaluated first. If there are
several operators of this type,
they are evaluated from left to
right.
Evaluated next. If there are
several operators of this type,
they are evaluated from left to
right.
Fig. 2.12 | Precedence of arithmetic operators.
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Operator Precedence Chart
Hierarchy of Java operators with the highest precedence shown first.
• Expressions inside parentheses are evaluated first; nested parentheses are evaluated from the
innermost parentheses to the outer.
• Operators in the same row in the chart have equal precedence.
Operator
Type
Order of
Evaluation
( )
[ ]
.
Parentheses
Array subscript
Member access
left to right
Prefix increment,
decrement
right to left
Postfix increment,
decrement
Unary minus
right to left
Multiplicative
left to right
Additive
left to right
Relational
left to right
Equality
left to right
&&
And
left to right
||
Or
left to right
Conditional
right to left
Assignment
right to left
++
--
++
--
*
/
+
-
<
>
==
?
-
%
<=
>=
!=
:
= += -=
*= /= %=