Download ANAT20006: Principles of Human Structure [Notes] Terminology (L1

ANAT20006:PrinciplesofHumanStructure
[Notes]
Terminology(L1)
BasicTissues
• EpithelialTissue:Linesskin(surface:epidermis)&allmajororgans(visceral&solid)i.e.stomach&kidney.
• ConnectiveTissue:Atdifferentpositions:skin,withinmuscles,tubularGItract,joint,liningindividualnervefibres.
• MuscularTissue:Skeletal(limbs,bodywalls),smooth(visceralorgansystem)&cardiac(heart&itschambers).
• NervousTissue:Neurons,glialcells,nervefibresinCNS(brain,spinalcord&opticnerve)&PNS(rest&CNSinput).
Systems
• Somaticsystems
o Bodywalls&limbs
o Skin,skeletalmuscle,bones&joints:Wallsofbodycavitiesincl.parietallayerofserousmembrane
o Somatic(wall)nervesupply(somaticnervoussystem)
o Parietal(wall)vascularsupply
o Skeletal,Articular(joints),Muscular,Integumental.
• Visceralsystems
o Organs,glands&tubeswithsmoothmuscle:Contentsofbodycavitiesincl.viscerallayerofserousmembrane
o Visceralnervesupply(autonomicnervoussystem)tovisceralorgans
o Visceralvascularsupply
o Cardiovascular&Respiratory,Gastrointestinal,Urinary,Reproductive
• SupplySystems:Somatic&visceralaresuppliedbysupportingsystems:Nervous,Arterial,Venous&Lymphatic.
Anatomicalposition&planesofreference
• Planesofreference:
o Sagittal:Cut'fronttoback'.Mid-sagittalplanedividesthebodyfromthemidline(twosymmetricalparts).Parasagittalplaneisasagittallinecutawayfromthemidline.
o Coronal:Cutsidetoside.Halfofthebodywillfallforwardandhalfbackwards.
o Horizontal(Transverse):Cuttoptobottom.Commonlyshownine.g.CTscansofavisceralorgansystem.
• TermsofRelationship:
o Medial(closertomidline)/lateral(furtherfrommidline/toside):i.e.Theshoulderismedialtothebodytrunk,the
elbowislateraltotheshoulder.
o Superior(above)/inferior(below)i.e.Theheadissuperiortothethorax.Thethoraxisinferiortothehead.
o Anterior(front)/posterior(behind)i.e.Thenoseisanteriortoaponytail&ponytailisposteriortothenose.
• TermsofComparison:
o Superficial(closertoskin)/deep(closertobodycore):i.e.Skin,muscles&bodywallaresuperficialtointernal
organs.Internalorgansaredeeptobodywallswhicharedeeptothesurfaceofskin.
o Proximal(closertoorigin)/distal(awayfromorigin):Relativei.e.Upperlimb(originfrombodytrunk):Theshoulder
isclosertotheorigin(proximaltoelbow),theelbowisfurtheraway(distaltoshoulder).
o External(outer)/internal(inner)
o Ventral/dorsal:Usedforquadrupedsi.e.dog.Topofbackfacesforward:ventral&Topofheadfacesupwards:
dorsal.Chin&tummyfacedownwards:ventral.Closertostomach=ventral.Closertoback=dorsal.
• Mostcases:ventralisanterior&dorsalisposterior(notalwayscorrect).
• TermsofMovement:
o Flexion('bend')/Extension:inrelationtojointangles.Describingmovementofthejointinrelationtothejoint
angle.Flexioniswhereyoureducethejointangleandextensioniswhereyouincreasethejointangle.
o Abduction/Adduction:inrelationtomidline/bodytrunk,movementofthebodylimb.Abductionismovingthelimb
awayfromthebodytrunk.Adductionismovingthelimbbackclosertothebodytrunk.
o Internal(medial)/External(lateral):Rotation.Movingthelimb/jointtowardsthebodywall(internalrotation),
outsidethebodywalltowardstheside(externalrotation).
SectionalimagesoftheCNSmaybeobtainedwhilethesubjectislayingdown,socareisneededinspecifyingtheplaneof
section(i.e.horizontalsectionofthebrainacquiredbyverticalsectionofpatient)
EctodermDerivedStructures(L2)
Periodsofhumanembryology
• Egg(conceptus):Fertilisationtoendofthirdweek.
• Embryo:Beginningoffourthweektoendofeighthweek
• Fetus:Thirdmonthtobirth
Phasesofhumanembryology
• Gametogenesis:Formationofegg/spermwithingonads.
o Ovulation:Asecondaryoocyteisreleasedfromovary&sweptintooviduct.
• Fertilisation:Formationofzygote(singlespermpenetratessecondaryoocyte&sperm&eggnucleifuse).
• Cleavage:Formationofmorula&blastocystviacleavageofcells.
o Zygoteundergoesrapid&successivemitoticcelldivisionsasitmovesalongoviducttowarduterus.
o Morula(day4):asolidballofcellsthatenterstheuterus.Onecelltype.