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AP BIOLOGY Chapters 4 & 5 http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/740/55147.JPG http://www.yellowtang.org/images/macromolecules1_tb_784.jpg 1 • Identify the following functional groups carbonyl carboxyl amino Hydroxyl (alcohol) Images from: http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week2/2webimages/Groups_5.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate sulfhydryl phosphate 2 • Identify the kind of molecules aldehyde ketone Images from: http://www.chemcases.com/nutra/nutra1b.htm 3 • Identify the asymmetric carbon in the following molecule B is asymmetric; it has 4 different groups attached Campbell and Reece 7th edition 4 • Identify the type of geometric isomer as TRANS or CIS CIS TRANS http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170950206002.png 5 a phosphate • Cells store energy by adding ________________ group to ADP • a) Adding a phosphate group to ADP • b) Removing a phosphate group from ATP Compounds containing carbon are called ___________ organic 6 • IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN THIS TRIPEPTIDE phosphate carbonyl sulfhydryl carboxyl amino carbonyl hydroxyl 7 ? Modified from Cambell and Reece; AP Biology 7th edition Chapter 4 Self quiz • Carbon atoms are able to form bonds 4 with • ___ different atoms at the same time. The ionized form of an amino group has a ___ charge. positive http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/biochemistry/ionized%20amino%20group.gif 8 • Carbon is tetravalent. What does this mean? It can form 4 covalent bonds 9 • These are examples of which kind of isomer you learned abouut? geometric http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170950206002.png 10 • Molecules that are mirror images of each other that differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric Enantiomers (stereoisomers) carbon are called ________________ How are isomers are different from isotopes? ISOMERS are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures ISOTOPES are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons 11 • Hydrocarbons contain manyNonpolar _________ carbon-hydrogen bonds. • polar nonpolar The ionized form of a carboxyl group has a ___ charge. negative http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/biochemistry/biochemi.htm 12 Chemical process that splits molecules by the addition of water. hydrolysis http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm 13 • Chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule Condensation reaction (Dehydration synthesis) Name the four main classes of biological macromolecules Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids 14 • The simplest sugars are called •monosaccharides ________________ GLYCOGEN _____________ is the highly branched polysaccharide used by animal cells to store glucose. NONPOLAR molecules Lipids are____________ polar nonpolar 15 Chemical process that splits molecules by the addition of water. hydrolysis http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm 16 • Molecules made of two monosaccharides • are calleddissaccharides ______________ The subunits joined to make proteins amino acids are _______________ The major polysaccharide component found in plant cell walls is _____________________ cellulose 17 • Use the correct numbering sequence to identify the number of this carbon 6 5 4 1 3 2 18 • Carbohydrates made from joining many sugar molecules together are called polysaccharides • ____________________ Glucose and fructose can be joined to make dehydration synthesis sucrose via a ___________________ reaction. 19 • The two interconvertible forms of glucose differ in the placement of the hydroxyl group attached to the #1 carbon. • Label the two forms as α (alpha) or ß (beta) BETA Hydroxyl is up ALPHA Hydroxyl is down http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images/543Halphabetaglucose.gif 20 • Amylose and amylopectin are both forms ofstarch _____________ How are these different? Amylose is unbranched and joined only by α 1,4 linkages Amylopectin is branched with 1,6 linkages at the branch points 21 • How are starch and cellulose different? Starch is made up of glucose rings in the α (alpha) form joined by 1,4 linkages; helical; can be branched; humans can digest this Cellulose is made up of glucose rings in the ß (beta) form so every other glucose is upside down the respect to its neighbors; joined with 1,4 linkages; straight-never branched; hydrogen bonds join parallel molecules into microfibrils; humans can’t digest this 22 • A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β-1, 4-glycosidic linkages. cellulose Where is chitin found in nature? Cell walls of fungi; exoskeletons of arthropods 23 • Which type of bonds hold the parallel cellulose strands together? Hydrogen bonds hold about 80 cellulose molecules together to make a microfibril Image modified from: Campbell and Reece; AP Biology 7th edition 24 Image modified from: http://www.yskf.jp/yskf_en/img_03/03_01.gif • This subunit is N-acetylglucosamine _________________ (NAG) It can be joined together in long chains by chitin ß 1,4 linkages to make _________ 25 • Which kind of fatty acids have kinks in their shape so that they don’t pack closely together- saturated or unsaturated? unsaturated Another name for a triacylglycerol molecule fat 26 • What kind of bond is a disulfide bridge? • ionic covalent hydrogen covalent A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon unsaturated tail is called _______________ 27 • Which type of bonds hold the parallel cellulose strands together? Hydrogen bonds A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single saturated bonds is called _______________ 28 • The subunit used to make starch, glucoseis __________ cellulose, and glycogen The sequence of aminoo acids in a protein Primary 1 structure is called the ________ 29 • The polysaccharide made up of glucose subunits with a nitrogen containing group attached which is used to build the exoskeletons of arthropods is called chitin _______________ A fat is made up of one ________ glycerol molecule and three ___________ fatty acid molecules. 30 • Amino acid molecules used by living things L are • usually the ___ stereoisomer version. • L or D The covalent bond that joins sugar molecules to make a polysaccharide is called a glycosidic bond. _________ 31 • The alpha helix coiling and beta pleated sheet shapes seen in proteins is called o 2 the Secondary _____________ structure. Which kinds of bond holds these together? Hydrogen bonds between the C=O of one amino acid and the N-H of another 32 • The addition of smaller similar subuints to build a large repeating molecule is called polymerization The subunits are called monomers ___________ and the molecule that is formed is polymer called a ______________ Image by K.Riedell 33 • Sugar molecules used by living things D are • usually the ___ stereoisomer version. • L or D The structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls that provides support cellulose is ____________ 34 Chaparonins • _____________ are molecules that help proteins fold up into their correct 3D • shape by shielding them from the cytoplasmic environment. Image from: AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reese 7th ed. 35 • Sugars with 6 carbons are called • hexoses _______________ Sucrose is made by joining which 2 sugars? Glucose + fructose = sucrose 36 • Sugars made from 2 sugar monomers are calleddisaccharides __________________ Name one of the polysaccharides you learned about. Glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin 37 The kind of covalent bond that joins amino acids together is called peptide bond a _________ http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg 38 • Unsaturated fats and fatty acids are liquid _________ at room temperature. • solid liquid 39 http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cm1503/lipids.htm • The folding of a protein molecule into its 3D shape due to the interactions of R side chains involved hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, an disulfide bridges result in its o Tertiary 3 ___________ structure. 40 http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/fatyacid.jpg • Tell the kind of macromolecule you learned about that could be built from these subunits Fat (triacylglycerol) 41 http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/chemfat.html • This isomer of glucose • in which the -OH on C1 hangs down below the plane of the ring is called • _____ glucose α Name a polysaccharide that this form of glucose could be used to make Starch (amylose or amylopectin) or glycogen 42 • The association of multiple protein o Quaternary 4 chains together results in its _____________ http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/hemoglobin.jpg 43 • Saturated fats and fatty acids are solid _________ at room temperature. • solid liquid http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cm1503/lipids.htm 44 • This isomer of glucose • in which the -OH on C1 sticks up above the plane of the ring is called • _____ glucose ß Name a polysaccharide that this form of glucose could be used to make Cellulose or chitin (if nitrogen group added) 45 • Name this type of • Lipid characterized • by a carbon skeleton • consisting of 4 rings steroids • with various • functional groups 46 • Sugar molecules with 6 carbons are called hexoses ________ Which nitrogen base is not found in RNA? thymine 47 • • • • Name this steroid from which other steroids including human sex hormones • are synthesized. cholesterol Which part of a phospholipid is polar? Glycerol-phosphate head 48 http://z.hubpages.com/u/105829_f520.jpg A diet high in saturated ____________ fats is one of the factors that can contribute to cardiovascular disease. • saturated unsaturated 49 • CONTRAST: GLYCOGEN and STARCH Differences: Glycogen Starch Highly branched amylose (unbranched) amylopectin (less branched than glycogen) Made by animals made by plants α 1,4 & 1,6 50 • Which part of a phospholipid molecule is non-polar? Fatty acid tails ENZYMES are proteins that act __________ as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in living things 51 • How many fatty acid tails are found in a phospholipid? 2 Fatty acid molecules consist of long hydrocarbon chains with which functional group attached at one end? carboxyl 52 http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/fatyacid.jpg • COMPARE GLYCOGEN and STARCH Alike: Made of α –glucose subunits α 1,4 linkages 1,6 linkages @ branch points Glycosidic bonds Glucose polymers Ways to store glucose Digestible by humans 53 • Which of the four biomolecule groups you learned is hydrophobic? lipids Another name for a fat is triacylglycerol ____________________ 54 • Which of these structures would NOT • be found in a DNA molecule? A (ribose) and D (uracil) Image from LearningExpress.com 55 • Dehydration synthesis is also called •condensation ____________ reaction. Which nitrogen base is not found in DNA? uracil 56 • The addition of a phosphate group to stores ADP • ____________ energy. • stores releases Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry carbon that studies molecules that contain _______ 57 • The removal of a phosphate group from releases ATP to form ADP____________ energy. • stores releases TRUE or FALSE L and D stereoisomers have the same chemical properties because they contain the same number and kinds of atoms 58 TRUE or FALSE L and D stereoisomers have the same chemical properties because they contain the same number and kinds of atoms FALSE L and D enantiomers can have very different chemical properties. Ex: L-Dopa is a drug used to treat Parkinson’s disease, but D-Dopa has no effect on patients. Thalidomide- one enantiomer of used to treat morning sickness; other form caused birth defects 59 • Name the structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants that provides support cellulose Polymers of amino acids are called polypeptides ______________ 60 • Chemical bond in which atoms share • 2 pairs of electrons Covalent double bond • List some functions of fat Energy storage (1 g of fat has more than twice as much energy as 1 g of polysaccharide) Cushions vital organs Insulates body against heat loss (blubber) 61 • List some functions of nucleic acids Store genetic information Protein synthesis Nucleotide subunits: ATP: store and transport energy NAD+ NADP+ FAD Coenzyme A energy/electron carriers 62 • Which form of glucose is used to build cellulose molecules? ß-glucose The “kinks” in fatty acids are due to cis-double bonds _____________________ 63 • Which chemical reaction joins glycerol and fatty acids to make a fat? Dehydration synthesis or condensation The place on an enzyme where the substrate attaches is called the Active site _______________ 64 • The reactant in an enzyme catalyzed substrate reaction is called a _____________ Name the amino acid that can form disulfide bridges Cysteine 65 • Which functional group is responsible for the formation of disulfide bridges? -SH sulfhydryl The unwinding and loss of conformation denaturing in proteins is called _____________ 66 • Which is the only amino acid without an asymmetric carbon? GLYCINE It has an –H for its R group http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Glycine2.png 67 • Name an environmental factor that can cause proteins to denature pH extremes Salt concentration Temperature (heat) TRUE or FALSE Denaturing in proteins is due to the disruption of peptide bonds False; 1° remains intact but hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and disulfide bridges in 2° & 3°are disrupted 68 • Which amino acid is involved in making disulfide bridges to form the tertiary structure of proteins? • cysteine -SH (sulfhydryl) group forms disulfide bridges http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/L-Cysteine.png 69 http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Disulfide_bridge.htm • COMPARE and CONTRAST: • DNA RNA Double stranded Contain A, T, C, G No uracil Deoxyribose Store genetic info Single stranded Contain A, U, C, G No thymine Ribose Carry info from DNA to cell Protein synthesis BOTH: Nucleic acids, made of nucleotide subunits, are polymers, Information molecules, joined using dehydration synthesis, Contain pentose sugars and nitrogen bases, have phosphate-sugar backbones, 70 • Nitrogenous bases consisting of 2 rings purines are called _______________ The two sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA molecule run in opposite directions, an arrangement referred to as antiparallel ___________________ 71 • Nitrogenous bases consisting of 1 ring pyrimidines are called _______________ Name the subunit used to build nucleic acids which consists of a pentose sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate group. nucleotide 72 The nitrogen bases that join by hydrogen bonds to form the stair steps of the DNA ladder always pair up so that a pyrimidine-a purine match up with each _________________ other. two purines two pyrimidines a pyrimidine-a purine 73 • Give an example of a pyrimidine Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Uracil (U) In a DNA molecule guanine always pairs up cytosine with _____________ 74 • Which of these structures would NOT • be found in an RNA molecule? C (deoxyribose) and F (thymine) Image from LearningExpress.com 75 • Carbohydrates that contain 5 carbon trioses atoms are called _____________ Which carbon is important in determining whether a glucose molecule is in the α or ß form? C1 76 • In a DNA molecule adenine always pairs • withthymine _____________ A pentose sugar with only the nitrogen base nucleoside attached is called a _____________ 77 • Molecules with both polar and nonpolar amphipathic parts are called _______________ Molecules containing only hydrogen and hydrocarbons carbon are called ________________ 78 • Compare and contrast phospholipids and triglycerides (fat) • BOTH Glycerol backbone Multiple phobic fatty acid chains attached By ester linkages • PHOSPHOLIPIDS TRIGLYCERIDES 2 fatty acid chains 3 fatty acid chains phosphate group nonpolar Amphipathic (polar head; nonpolar tails) 79 • Which two amino acids contain SULFUR ? Cysteine methionine Look at these structures. Why can’t methionine form disulfide bridges? No –SH group; it’s got a methyl group http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/L-Cysteine.png 80 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/L-Methionine.png • Tell the central dogma of molecular biology • that describes how information flows • in eukaryotic cells DNA →RNA → proteins Write the chemical formula for a monosaccharide with 3 carbons C3H6O3 81 • What disaccharide does it make? • Glucose + glucose =maltose ______________ sucrose • Glucose + fructose = ____________ lactose • Glucose + galactose = ______________ 82 http://altopower.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/sugar.jpg • Table sugar is called sucrose ____________ Which parts of a nucleotide form the backbone of a nucleic acid? Sugar and phosphate 83 • Put the following in order from least to most branched… • • Glycogen amylose amylopectin amylose amylopectin glycogen 84 Saturated • ___________ fats are more common in • animals than plants. TRUE or FALSE Amino acids be enantiomers True; the center carbon is attached to 4 different groups; there are D and L forms of all amino acids except glycine 85 https://sharepoint.cisat.jmu.edu/isat/klevicca/Web/NMR_2002/glycine/Glycine2.gif • Name the only amino acid of the 20 amino acids used to make proteins that doesn’t have a stereoisomer (enantiomer) GLYCINE It does NOT have a chiral carbon; it does not have 4 different groups attached 86 • • • • • Amylase is an enzyme that can break glyosidic linkages between α-glucose monomers. Which of the following could amylase break down? cellulose glycogen amylopectin starch chitin Glycogen, amylopectin, starch ? From AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reese 7th edition Chapter 5 self quiz 87