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Transcript
American History Chapter 26 America In A World At War https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= 3VqQAf74fsE War On Two Fronts ⦿ After Pearl Harbor • Japanese attacked US bases in Manila • U. S. surrendered Philippines, Guam, Wake Is. ⦿ U. S. approach 2 fold • Macarthur from the South (Aust.), Nimitz from East (HI) ⦿ Battle of Midway, U. S. was victorious • mid-1943, US gained an edge in the Pacific theater War On Two Fronts ⦿ European Theater • Delays in a French invasion upset Stalin • 20 million casualties, you guys are using us ⦿ FDR opt for N. Africa campaign • Oct. 1942…Patton/Montgomery v. Rommel • May 1948…Nazis out of Africa War On Two Fronts ⦿ Winter 1942-43 Soviets hold off Stalingrad • Germans abandon eastern front ⦿ July 1943 U. S. on board w/ Brits to invade Sicily • Mussolini out, Germans take Rome • June 1944 Allies finally retake Rome • This delayed French invasion War On Two Fronts ⦿ Holocaust, The Final Solution • 11 million deaths – 6 million Jews • 1942, U. S. aware of killings • St. Louis…U. S. turned away 1,000 escaped Jews ⚫Numbers met the quota system The American People In Wartime ⦿ War can be good for: • Ending a Great Depression • Ending unemployment • Production of goods • Fed. spending increased drastically ⦿ $9 billion in 1939, to $100 billion in 1945 ⦿ 15 million men and women were part of forces • Increased need for labor • Shortage of cons. goods = savings increase Check, Check Check ⦿http://wheeldecide.com/index.php?c1=Apollo+11&c2=Model+T&c3=U.+S.+S.+Constitution&c 4=Spirit+of+St.+Louis&time=5 http://wheeldecide.com/index.php?c1=Apollo+11&c2=Model+T&c3=U.+S.+S.+Constitution&c4=S pirit+of+St.+Louis&time=5 1. Italian immigrants and anarchists, were tried for the murders. Despite years of protesting that they had not received a fair trial, the men were executed in 1927, reflecting anti-immigrant sentiments in the United States. 1. Term used to describe the growth of African- American Literature and arts. 1. Bribery scandal involving President Harding’s Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall. Fall secured naval oil reserves in his jurisdiction. 1. Term used to describe makeshift shacks that housed groups of homeless people. Used in open areas near cities during the Depression. The American People In Wartime ⦿ West becomes a player • Gov’t disproportionately spent in the West • Gov’t disproportionately in CA in the West • Aircraft, shipbuilding, launching site for Japan The American People In Wartime ⦿ Gone to War…void in job market • Unemployed, women minorities enter ⦿ Union membership increased • In exchange for “no strikes” and wage limits ⦿ Goal • was to produce w/o disruption Smith-Connally Act • Vetoed by FDR, passed anyway • Pres. Could seize company if striking • Union must file 30 days prior to strike The American People In Wartime ⦿ 1942 Anti Inflation Act • Pres. Could freeze prices, wages, and set rations • Enforced by the Office of Price Administration ⦿ 1941-45 U. S. spent 2x as much as it had total The American People In Wartime ⦿2 ways the government paid for the war • Taxes (1942 Revenue Act…higher tax bracket) • War bonds ⦿ War • • • • • • Production Board organize mobilization effort Concept…broad economic powers Reality…did not have much power Replaced by White House Office of War Mobilization Synthetic rubber 1944 U. S. Output 2x Axis output combined The American People In Wartime ⦿ Technology in the war • German and Japanese tech ahead of Allies initially • Car assembly lines turned into military assembly lines • Radar and sonar improved dramatically ⚫Countered U-boats • Anti-Aircraft tech improved • B17s The American People In Wartime ⦿ Breakthrough • British Ultra Project…break German “Enigma” Code ⚫Intercept intel • American “Magic” ⚫Broke the Japanese “Purple” code The American People In Wartime ⦿ African Americans • Generally supported the war ⚫hoped for more rights • A. Philip Randolph ⚫proposed a demonstration in DC ⚫Wanted all “war” industries integrated ⚫FDR…Fair Employment Practice Commission ⚫ could investigate discrimination in war industries • Large migration of blacks from the South ⚫Larger numbers than during the Great Migration of WW I The American People In Wartime Cont. ⦿ Native Americans • Many entered work force • Some enlisted • “Code-talkers” ⦿ Mexican Americans • Bracero program ⚫Contract labor…Mexican workers came to the U. S. • Zoot Suit Riot 1943 ⚫conflict between American sailors and young Mexicans in Los Angeles The American People In Wartime ⦿ Women and children in the war • Women in the workforce increased by 60% • Most worked in service industries (Gov’t bureaucracies) • Others…“Rosie the Riveter” • Many children became “latchkey kids” • Crime rate increased • 1/3 of teenagers were employed The American People In Wartime ⦿ Wartime Life and Culture • Movie/theater attendance increased • Life Magazine • Casinos, dance halls • Home was an important psychological lift for troops The American People In Wartime ⦿ WW II not as discriminatory as WW I • Propaganda attacked politics, not people • Sauerkraut is well… sauerkraut Quick Draw McDraw Left side of the room draw The New Deal Right side of the room draw The Roaring Twenties Japanese Americans in Wartime ⦿ Exception… ⦿ Japanese Americans • Already viewed suspiciously…then Pearl Harbor • FDR Executive Order 9066 ⚫relocation of Japanese from the West Coast • 1943 policy relaxed for Japanese Americans ⚫College, workforce, military • 1944 Korematsu v. U. S. ⚫upheld Internment Camps Chinese Americans In Wartime ⦿ 1943 U. S. repeals Chinese Exclusion Act • Chinese Americans took jobs or drafted Election of 1944 ⦿ FDR focus on victory (war), not reform ⦿ Repubs gain seats in Congress • Unemployment not an issue • Dismantle New Deal programs ⦿ Dems go w/ FDR (and Truman) ⦿ Repubs go w/ Dewey ⦿ Despite health, FDR wins and hold Senate and House power The Defeat of the Axis ⦿ 1944 Allies bombing the beegeezeez out of Germany ⦿ Luftwaffe retreat The Defeat of the Axis ⦿ D-Day • After 2 year build-up • June 6, 1944: Invasion at Normandy ⚫Supreme Allied Commander Gen. Dwight Eisenhower • Sept. 1944 Germans pushed out of France and Belgium • Germans counter-offensive in Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes Forest) The Defeat of the Axis ⦿ Soviets advanced on Eastern front • allowed Allies to cross Rhine • Play a key role after the war ⦿ April 30, Hitler commits suicide ⦿ May 8, 1945…V-E Day The Defeat of the Axis ⦿ U. S. crippling Japanese shipping and econ. in Pacific ⦿ Japan disrupting Gen. Stilwell’s Burma Road • Going through China, China not really stopping Japan The Defeat of the Axis ⦿ U. S. island hopping • Mariana, Iwo Jima, Okinawa ⚫Japanese still employing Kamikaze ⦿ Japan divided • Gov’t and people wanted peace • Military leaders wanted to continue fighting The Defeat of the Axis ⦿ Manhattan Project • U. S. and GB learn of Nazi work on A-bomb • 1930’s Fermi and uranium radioactivity • Einstein theory of relativity • Army takes over…$billions spent • Robert Oppenheimer ⚫July 16, 1945 Trinity (plutonium bomb) detonated at Los Alamos The Defeat of the Axis ⦿ Harry S. Truman “The buck stops here!” • Gives Japan an Aug. 3 1945 deadline • “unconditional surrender” or annihilation • Gov’t not able to convince military leaders The Defeat of the Axis ⦿ Hiroshima and Nagasaki: • Aug. 6, Enola Gay dropped “Little Boy” on Hiroshima ⚫80,000 dead • Aug. 8, Bockscar dropped “Fat Man” on Nagasaki ⚫100,000 dead • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZnRD3-Sg2I The Defeat of the Axis ⦿ Why did the US drop the bombs? • Truman, swell up to Stalin and Soviets • save American and Japanese lives ⦿ Sept. 2, 1945 V-J Day…end of World War II