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Inorganic/Organic Chemistry Study Guide Define the following keyterms: anion atom covalent bond electron ionic bond oxidation valence electrons amino acid condensation glycogen lipid nucleotide protein starch catalyst coenzyme kinetic energy potential energy hydrophobic hydrophilic glycogen monosaccharide fatty acid glycerol polysaccharide primary structure atomic mass hydrogen bond proton amino group glucose phosphate group tertiary structure energy thermodynamics van der Waals interactions condensation reaction prosthetic group secondary structure cation ion reduction carotenoid hydrocarbon phospholipid steroid enzyme substrate hydrolysis peptide bond nucleic acid active site Questions: 1. Explain how valence electrons affect the chemical properties of an atom. 2. Describe the nature and characteristics of the three main types of chemical bonds. 3. What are oxidation and reduction? How are “redox” reactions involved in the transfer of energy in living systems? 4. What are the principal molecular components of each of the four major macromolecules in organisms? 5. Using labeled diagrams, explain how these components polymerize to form macromolecules. 6. Describe the compositions, characteristics, and biological functions of each of the following: a. Storage polysaccharides and structural polysaccharides b. Neutral fats, phospholipids, and steroids c. Proteins having different levels of organization d. RNA and DNA 7. What is energy of activation? Explain how enzymes enable intracellular chemical reactions by lowering energy of activation? Essays: 1. Enzymes are biological catalysts. a. Relate the chemical structure of an enzyme to its specificity and catalytic activity. b. Design a quantitative experiment to investigate the influence of pH or temperature on the activity of an enzyme. c. Describe what information concerning the structure of an enzyme could be inferred from your experiment. 2. The unique properties (characteristics) of water make life possible on Earth. Select three properties of water and: a. for each property, identify and define the property and explain it in terms of the physical/chemical nature of water. b. for each property, describe one example of how the property affects the functioning of living organisms. 3. Discuss the biological importance of each of the following organic compounds in relation to cellular structure and function in plants and animals. a. Carbohydrates b. Proteins c. Lipids d. Nucleic acids . 4. Describe the chemical compositions and configuration of enzymes and discuss the factors that modify enzyme structure and/or function.