Download Sec 4.4 Biomes Guided Notes - Bloomsburg Area School District

Lesson Overview
Biomes
Lesson Overview
4.4 Biomes
Lesson Overview
Biomes
THINK ABOUT IT
 Why does the character of biological communities
vary from one place to another?
 Why, for example, do temperate rain forests grow in
the Pacific Northwest while areas to the east of the
Rocky Mountains are much drier?
 How do similar conditions shape ecosystems
elsewhere?
Lesson Overview
Biomes
The Major Biomes
What abiotic and biotic factors
characterize biomes?
 Biomes are described in terms of
abiotic factors like ___________and,
_____________ and biotic factors
like __________ and _________life.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
The Major Biomes
_______________ and the ______
__________________ are two
factors that affect global climate.
Other factors, among them an
area’s________________________
_________________________, also
influence climate.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
Regional Climates
In Oregon, ____________that flow from
north to south have the effect of making
summers in the region cool relative to
other places at the same latitude.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
Regional Climates
 Oregon borders the Pacific Ocean, and moist air
carried by winds traveling ______________ is pushed
upward when it hits the Rocky Mountains.
 This air expands and cools, causing the moisture in
the air to ____________ and form __________.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
Regional Climates
 The clouds drop rain or snow, mainly on the ______________ of
the mountains.
 As the air sinks on the downwind side of the mountain, it
expands, warms, and ______________________.
 As a result, west and east Oregon have very _______________
_________________, and different climates mean different plant
and animal communities.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
Defining Biomes
 Ecologists classify Earth’s terrestrial ecosystems into at least ten
different groups of regional climate communities called _______.
 Biomes are described in terms of abiotic factors like ________
______________, and biotic factors like _________________.
 Major biomes include tropical rain forest, tropical dry forest,
tropical grassland/savanna/shrubland, desert, temperate
grassland, temperate woodland and shrubland, temperate forest,
northwestern coniferous forest, boreal forest, and tundra.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
Defining Biomes
Lesson Overview
Biomes
Defining Biomes
 Each biome is associated with
seasonal patterns of
temperature and precipitation
that can be summarized in a
graph called a ____________.
 A climatogram shows the
average _____________ and
________________ at a given
location during each month of
the year. On this climate
diagram, temperature is plotted
as a red line, and precipitation
is shown as vertical blue bars.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
Defining Biomes
 Organisms within each biome can be characterized by
____________________ that enable them to live and reproduce
successfully in the environment.
 However, even within a defined biome, there is often
considerable __________among plant and animal communities.
 These variations can be caused by differences in ___________,
__________________, or local _________________________.
 Local conditions also can change over time because of ______
____________________or because of community interactions.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
_________________________
 Tropical rain forests are home to _____________than
all the other biomes combined.
 Rain forests get at least ____________of rain a year!
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
 Tall trees form a dense, leafy covering called a ___________
from 50 to 80 meters above the forest floor. In the shade below
the canopy, shorter trees and vines form a layer called the
________________.
 Organic matter on the forest floor is ___________________ so
quickly that the soil in most tropical rain forests is __________
in minerals.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
 Abiotic Factors:
 Rain forests are _______ and ________________.
 They have ___________________ that are subject to
erosion.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
_________________compete
for sunlight, so most have ___
______________that maximize
capture of limited light.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
Tall trees growing in
poor shallow soil often
have _____________
for support.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
Buttress Roots
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
_________________grow on
the branches of tall plants as
opposed to soil. This allows the
epiphyte to take advantage of
available ______________
while obtaining nutrients
through its host.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
Epiphytic Plants
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
Biotic Factors – Animal Life
Animals are_____________. Many
animals use _____________to hide
from predators, and some can
_________________to match their
surroundings.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
Biotic Factors – Animal Life
Animals that live in the _____
have adaptations for climbing,
jumping, and/or flight.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
_____________________________
_______________ grow in areas where rainy
seasons alternate with dry seasons.
In most places, a short period of _______ is
followed by a prolonged period of _________.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TROPICAL DRY FOREST
Abiotic Factors
Tropical dry forests are__________________,
with alternating ___ and ____ seasons.
Their __________ are subject to _________.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TROPICAL DRY FOREST
 Biotic Factors – Plant Life
 Adaptations to survive the dry season include
________________________________.
 A plant that sheds its leaves during a particular
season is called ____________________.
 Some plants also have an extra thick ____________
_________________to reduce water loss, or they
______________________ in their tissues.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TROPICAL DRY FOREST
 Biotic Factors – Animal Life
 Many animals reduce their need for water by entering
long periods of inactivity called ________________.
 Estivation is similar to __________________ , but
typically takes place during a __________ season.
 Other animals, including many birds and primates,
______________ to areas where water is available
during the dry season.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
____________________________________
 This biome receives more seasonal rainfall than
____________ but less than __________________.
 ______________are spotted with isolated ______
and small groves of trees and shrubs.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TROPICAL
GRASSLAND/SAVANNA/SHRUBLAND
______________, fairly__________,
and the _____________________
prevent some areas from turning into
dry forest.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TROPICAL
GRASSLAND/SAVANNA/SHRUBLAND
Abiotic Factors
 This biome is ________, with __________________.
 The soil is __________, and there are ____________
set by lightning.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TROPICAL
GRASSLAND/SAVANNA/SHRUBLAND
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
Plant adaptations include ___
___________________and
_______________________.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TROPICAL
GRASSLAND/SAVANNA/SHRUBLAND
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
Some grasses have a high ______
content that makes them less
appetizing to grazing herbivores.
Unlike most plants, grasses grow
____________, not their tips, so
they can continue to grow after
being grazed.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TROPICAL
GRASSLAND/SAVANNA/SHRUBLAND
Biotic Factors – Animal Life
Many animals ___________ during
the dry season in search of water.
Some smaller animals _________
and _________________ during
the dry season.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
_____________________
 Deserts have __________________ of precipitation
annually, but otherwise vary greatly, depending on
elevation and latitude.
 Many deserts undergo extreme _______________
_______________, alternating between hot and cold.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
DESERT
Abiotic Factors
 Deserts have ______ precipitation and __________
______________________.
 Their soils are rich in ______________, but poor in
_______________________.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
DESERT
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
Many plants, including cacti, _____
___________ in their tissues, and
minimize __________________ to
cut down on water loss. Cactus
spines are actually ___________
____________.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
DESERT
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
Modified _______________ in
some plants requires leaf pores
to open _________________,
enabling plants to __________
____________on hot, dry days.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
DESERT
Biotic Factors – Animal Life
Many desert animals get the
water they need from the _____
______________. To avoid the
hottest parts of the day, many
animals are _____________—
active only at night.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
DESERT
Large or elongated ears and
other extremities often have
many ______________close to
the surface to help the animal
lose body heat and __________
_________________________.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
Desert Adaptations
Lesson Overview
Biomes
____________________________
_________ and ____________ once covered
vast areas of the midwestern and central
United States.
Periodic ________ and heavy __________ by
herbivores maintained grassland plants.
Today, most have been converted for
__________________ because their soil is so
rich in nutrients and is ideal for growing crops.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
Temperate grasslands experience _____
_______________________________, with
moderate seasonal precipitation.
The soil is ______and there are __________
______.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
 Grassland plants—especially _______,
which _______________—are resistant
to grazing and fire.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
__________________ of seeds is
common in this open environment.
The root structure and growth habit
of grassland plants help establish
and retain deep, rich, fertile topsoil.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
Biotic Factors – Animal Life
Because temperate grasslands are
such open, exposed environments,
_____________ is a constant threat
for smaller animals.
______________and __________
are two common protective
adaptations.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
__________________________________
In open woodlands, large areas of
grasses and wildflowers are
interspersed with ___and other ______.
Communities that are more shrubland
than forest are known as ___________.
Dense low plants that contain
flammable oils make _______a constant
threat.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TEMPERATE WOODLAND AND
SHRUBLAND
Abiotic Factors
The ______________experience hot dry
summers and cool moist winters.
They have thin, ________________ and
experience periodic ____________.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TEMPERATE WOODLAND AND
SHRUBLAND
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
Woodland plants have adapted to _________.
Woody chaparral plants have tough _____
____________that resist water loss.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TEMPERATE WOODLAND AND
SHRUBLAND
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
Fire resistance is important,
although the seeds of some plants
____________ to germinate.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TEMPERATE WOODLAND AND
SHRUBLAND
Biotic Factors – Animal Life
 Woodland animals tend to eat
varied diets of _____________
_______, and other vegetation.
 In exposed shrubland,
_______________ is common.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
________________________
________________are mostly made up
of deciduous and evergreen
coniferous trees.
_________________ trees, or conifers,
produce seed-bearing cones, and most
have needle-shaped leaves coated in
a waxy substance that helps reduce
water loss.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TEMPERATE FOREST
 Temperate forests have _____________. In autumn,
deciduous trees _____________. In the spring, small
plants burst from the ground and flower.
 The fertile soils are rich in _______, a material formed
from decaying leaves and other organic matter.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TEMPERATE FOREST
Abiotic Factors
Temperate forests experience _________
winters and __________ summers.
They have ___________________________
__________________________________.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TEMPERATE FOREST
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
_____________ trees drop
their leaves and go into a state
of dormancy in winter.
___________ have needlelike
leaves that minimize water loss
in dry winter air.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TEMPERATE FOREST
Biotic Factors – Animal Life
To cope with the changing weather,
some animals __________, while others
______________ to warmer climates.
Animals that do not hibernate or migrate
may be _________________ to escape
predation in the winter, when bare trees
leave them more exposed.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
________________________________
Mild moist air from the Pacific Ocean
influenced by the Rocky Mountains
provides ______________to this biome.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
NORTHWESTERN CONIFEROUS
FOREST
 The forest includes a variety of_________, along with flowering
trees and shrubs such as dogwood and rhododendron. _____
often covers tree trunks and the forest floor. Because of its lush
vegetation, the northwestern coniferous forest is sometimes
called a “___________________________.”
Lesson Overview
Biomes
NORTHWESTERN CONIFEROUS
FOREST
Abiotic Factors
 Northwestern coniferous forests experience ______
______________and __________________ in fall,
winter, and spring. The ___________are cool and dry.
 Soils are _____________ and ____________.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
NORTHWESTERN CONIFEROUS
FOREST
Seasonal temperature variation results
in _____________in this biome than in
tropical rain forests. However, ample
water and nutrients support lush,_____
____________.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
NORTHWESTERN CONIFEROUS
FOREST
Adaptations that enable plants
to obtain sunlight are common.
Trees here are among the
world’s _____________.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
Northwestern coniferous forest
Biotic Factors – Animal Life
______________ helps insects and
ground-dwelling mammals avoid
predation.
Many animals are ________—they
eat a varied diet—an advantage in
an environment where vegetation
changes seasonally.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
__________________________
 Dense forests of coniferous evergreens along the
northern edge of the temperate zone are called boreal
forests, or __________.
 Winters are bitterly cold, but summers are ______
and long enough to allow the ground to thaw.
 Boreal forests occur mostly in the ___________ part
of the Northern Hemisphere. The word boreal comes
from the Greek word for “____.”
Lesson Overview
Biomes
BOREAL FOREST
Abiotic Factors
Boreal forests have ______________ winters
and _____________ summers.
There is ________________precipitation and
high humidity.
The soil is ___________________________.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
BOREAL FOREST
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
The ___________________of conifers
sheds snow, and their _____________
_____________ leaves prevent excess
water loss, making conifers well suited
to the boreal forest environment.
In addition, the ____________color of
most conifers absorbs heat energy.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
BOREAL FOREST
Biotic Factors – Animal Life
_____________________ is the major challenge
for boreal forest animals.
Most have _____________________ and _____
__________ in the form of fat or downy feathers.
Some _____________ to warmer areas in winter.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
___________________
 The tundra is characterized by _______________, a
layer of permanently frozen subsoil.
 During the short cool summer, the ground thaws to a
depth of a few centimeters and becomes ________.
In winter, the top layer of soil __________again. The
cycle of thawing and freezing, which ___________
_________________________, is one reason that
tundra plants are small and stunted.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TUNDRA
Plant height is limited by:
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TUNDRA
Abiotic Factors
The tundra experiences ___________
and low precipitation.
The summers are _____________, and
the winters are long, cold, and dark.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TUNDRA
Abiotic Factors
The soil is poorly developed, with a
permanently frozen subsoil layer
called ______________.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TUNDRA
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
By hugging the ground,
_____________and other ____
________ plants avoid damage
from frequent strong winds.
Seed dispersal by ________ is
common.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TUNDRA
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
Many plants have adapted to
growth in poor soil, like
______________, which have
symbiotic bacteria on their roots
that fix _______________.
Lesson Overview
Biomes
TUNDRA
Biotic Factors – Animal Life
Many animals ___________ to
avoid the long harsh winters.
Animals that live in the tundra
year-round display adaptations
such as __________________,
_______________ that limit
heat loss, and a ____________.