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– Although the United States and the Soviet Union did not engage in a war with each other they did clash through surrogates in proxy wars fought in Asia, Latin America, and Africa . – Surrogate, demilitarized zone, Domino theory – What was the Cold War? – During the Cold War, the rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States led to struggles for influence in countries around the world – Surrogate, demilitarized zone, Domino theory – What was NATO? ***Castle Learning Regents Review due Friday*** – Although the United States and the Soviet Union did not engage in a war with each other they did clash through surrogates in proxy wars fought in Asia, Latin America, and Africa . – Surrogate, demilitarized zone, Domino theory – What was NATO? ***Castle Learning Regents Review due Friday*** • Soviet Union and United States avoided armed conflict with each other during Cold War – Nuclear weapons meant that both sides could destroy each other (MAD) – Fought indirectly by backing opposite sides in smaller conflicts around the world • Surrogates • Proxy wars • Communists defeated Nationalists in Chinese civil war (1949) – Communists led by Mao Zedong – Communists setup the People’s Republic of China •The U.S. supported Chiang Kai-shek. •The communists win the war and mainland China becomes communist • Western democracies feared the spread of Communism in Asia – Attempts to contain communism got U.S. involved in Asian conflicts – The Domino Theory • If one country fell to communism the surrounding countries would also fall • Korea had been divided at the end of WWII – Soviets occupied North Korea – United States occupied South Korea • North Korean forces invaded South Korea in 1950 – Wanted to unite Korea under communist rule • United Nations forces led by U.S. pushed North Koreans out of the South – Pushed North to the Chinese border • China entered the war in Oct. 1950 – helped North Koreans push UN forces back to the South • Cease fire agreement signed in 1953 • Korea divided at the 38th parallel – Demilitarized zone separates North Korea and South Korea • Communist dictator Kim Il Sung established totalitarian state in North Korea – Focused on building strong military – Limited contact with outside world – has faced serious economic problems • Democratic South Korea prospered by developing industry and expanding foreign trade • What was the Domino Theory • What happened to Korea at the end of the Korean War? • What is a demilitarized zone? – Much like its involvement in the Korean war, the United States involvement in the Vietnam war came from the Cold War policy of containment . – Guerilla Tactics – Why did the superpowers use surrogates to fight during the Cold War? • Vietnam had been a colony of France – Known as French IndoChina • Communists began to fight for independence from France after WWII – Led by Ho Chi Minh • Communist forces defeated French at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1953 – French forces surrender to Ho Chi Minh • 1954 Peace conference in Geneva divides Vietnam into North Vietnam and South Vietnam • Communist North Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh • Supported by Soviets • South Vietnam led by Ngo Dinh Diem • Anti communist government • Supported by United States and France • Promised free elections • Communist Viet Cong in the South began attacking South Vietnamese government – Were supported by Ho Chi Minh and N. Vietnam – Used guerrilla tactics • United States began sending troops and money to help South Vietnam resist communist Viet Cong and North Vietnam – Domino theory and containment policy – 500,000 U.S. troops by 1968 • American forces were unable to defeat communist forces in Vietnam – Communist use of guerrilla tactics to fight superior force – South Vietnamese government was unpopular – Lack of support for the war by American public – U.S. bombing of rural agricultural areas increased peasant support for communists • President Richard Nixon ordered cease fire and began pulling troops out of Vietnam in 1973 – Vietnamization policy turned fighting over to South Vietnamese troops • North Vietnamese captured South Vietnamese capital of Saigon in 1975 – Reunited Vietnam under communist rule • Who was led the communists in Vietnam against the French? • How did the domino theory contribute to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War? – Some of the political and social forces that tore apart Vietnam were also at a work at other places in Southeast Asia. – Genocide, human rights violations – Who was the communist leader of North Vietnam? • Nation in Southeast Asia – West of Vietnam – Had been a colony of France • Won independence from France in 1953 – Prince Norodom Sihanouk became Prime Minister of Cambodia • Cambodia was used as a supply route by the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong during Vietnam War – Ho Chi Minh Trail • American military bombed and invaded Cambodia to disrupt communist supply lines during Vietnam War • Communist rebels known as the Khmer Rouge began fighting the Cambodian government in 1967 – Cambodian government led by Gen. Lon Nol who was supported by the United States – American bombing destabilized Cambodia and increased peasant support for Khmer Rouge peasants • The Khmer Rouge took over Cambodia in 1975 – Were led by Pol Pot – Wanted to create a peasant society based on farming • Tried to eliminate western influences • Destroy urban and modern influences • Pol Pot and Khmer Rouge forced people to move out of cities and into countryside – Began killing educated Cambodians or people connected to former gov’t – Forced others to work in fields • Many died from starvation or over work • Pol Pot’s Khmer Rouge killed 1.5 million people in the Cambodian “Killing Fields” – Example of human rights violation • Vietnam invaded Cambodia and forced the Khmer Rouge out of power in 1979 – Civil war continued through 1980’s • United Nation helped Cambodia create a new government in 1983 • Pol Pot died before he could be put on trial for human rights violations • Why did the United States bomb Cambodia during the Vietnam War? • Who was the leader of the Khmer Rouge? • How did the Khmer Rouge violate the human rights of Cambodians – At times throughout history human rights, the basic political, economic, and social rights to which all human beings are entitle, have been violated. – Who was the leader of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia?