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• Standard: 14.Introduce the Fertile Crescent cultures, Sumerians, Babylonians (Hammurabi), Assyrians and Phoenicians and their contributions to civilization 16.Describe the decline of Egypt and rise of other African cultures: – Kush, Ghana, Mali, Songhai, • including trade, products, slavery, learning, • beginnings and spread of Judaism and Islam The Fertile Crescent The Geography Located between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers • The area once had large forests – But they were cut down for buildings and firewood • Today it is mostly desert Ancient Mesopotamia “The Land Between the Rivers” Southern Mesopotamia • The rivers deposited silt as they flowed south – It created loose soil, good for farming • The people grew wheat and barley • But they were threatened by annual floods and drought – They built levees to protect from fall flooding – The built canals for irrigation during summer drought Northern Mesopotamia • It had good rainfall – But the soil was rocky • not always good for farming • Some people cut timber and used metals and stone from nearby mountains • Review – Pg 57 #1 – 5 • Use complete sentences Sumer • The first Mesopotamian civilization – About 5000 BC • They were an agricultural community – They grew crops and stored food • The people of Sumer were great inventors Sumerian Inventions Irrigation systems Wagon Wheel Sailboat Potter’s Wheel New ideas in Science and Math The Sumerians developed a number system based on 60 and a 12-month calendar. Cuneiform Cuneiform Writing • Made by scratching a wet clay tablet with a sharp reed pen – It was a form of picture writing with about 500 symbols to represent sounds, ideas and objects Sumer’s Schools • Only a few boys of the wealthy went to school – They practiced cuneiform letters and studied mathematics to make accurate records • Some students became scribes – They recorded laws, legends, and songs • Girls did not go to school City-States • Life in Sumer was centered on its city-states – Which were often at war with each other – They fought for control the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers • City-states had thick mud-brick walls for protection The King • Ruled from the palace – Operated the courts – Ran the army – Planned canals and other projects Religion • Was the center of Sumerian life • They practiced polytheism – The belief in many gods and goddesses • Ishtar, the goddess of love and war, was the most famous The Ziggurat • A pyramid of mud and brick – It was located at the center of the city and had a temple at the top • People gave gifts to the temple to please the gods and goddesses Daily Life in Sumer • Wealthy families – Lived in large brick houses with servants and slaves • Slaves were prisoners of war, sold by slave merchants – They had special haircuts so they could be identified • Poorer families lived in reed houses This kind of house is still built in Iraq today. – Everyone worked – Parents taught children their crafts Leisure • The people of Sumer enjoyed playing board games and listening to music City-States Unite • Sargon, king of Kish created the first great empire • He united all the independent city-states of Sumer • He extended the empire north and west • Cuneiform writing allowed Sargon to send his laws across the kingdom • After Sargon’s death the empire broke up and the city-states became independent again. Storytellers • Greatest legend is the story of Gilgamesh – He set out on a journey to discover how humans could live forever – In the stories he has many adventures, but never finds the secret of living forever. • Here is one of those stories • http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/geography/story/sto_ set.html • Review – Pg 63 #1 – 5 • Use complete sentences Babylon and Assyria Hammurabi • King of Babylon – Built dams across the Euphrates River • Which allowed him to control the river’s water flow Babylon • Hammurabi’s capital city – Center of trade in the Fertile Crescent – Became wealthy and powerful Code of Hammurabi • 228 laws dealing with everything (wages, divorce, military service, etc.) • All citizens were expected to obey – Not everyone was equal under the code of laws Hammurabi • http://www.natgeoeducationvideo.com/film/1 011/mesopotamia Time of War • After Hammurabi’s death Assyria fought many wars against Babylon. • It’s armies were feared – Battering rams and horsedrawn chariots made them faster and more dangerous in battle. Assyria – By 600 B.C. the Assyrian empire stretched from Egypt to the Persian Gulf and into modern Turkey Assyrian Life • Prisoners were brought in as slaves – To work on farmlands and building projects – Some eventually became Assyrian citizens • Assyrian men were hunters, soldiers and government leaders. • Assyrian women stayed home and cared for families The Aqueduct • Nineveh was located on the Tigris River • One ruler built an aqueduct (a raised waterway) to carry the water to 30 miles away. War Between Babylon and Assyria • The Assyrian king, threatened by revolt in Babylon, ordered the city to be destroyed. – Palaces and homes were burned – The city was flooded with river water • Babylon fought back and destroyed Nineveh • Assyria never recovered • Babylon was a rich and important city and had one last period of glory • Review – Pg 71 # 1 – 5 • Use complete sentences The Birth of Judaism Abraham • The Hebrew Bible says – The Jewish people are the descendents of Abraham and his wife Sarah –A family of Ur A Covenant with God • Abraham and Sarah set out for Canaan • When they got there he made a covenant, or special agreement, with God • This event is considered to be the beginning of Jewish history Migrating to Egypt • There was a time of hunger • The Israelites went to Egypt where there was food • At first they were welcomed • Later a new ruler enslaved them Moses • Was born to Israelite parents • And later adopted by the pharaoh’s daughter – He was raised in the royal household – He shared the wealth and power of ancient Egypt’s rulers • According to the Hebrew Bible: – After seeing an Egyptian beating an enslaved Israelite Moses pushed the man away • The man fell and was killed and Moses fled to Midian –Present day Saudi Arabia Moses as Prophet • After many years God persuaded Moses to return to Egypt and lead his people out of slavery – To the Israelites Moses is a prophet • A person who speaks for God • Moses led the Israelites to safety Mount Sinai • Where God gave Moses the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, called the Torah The Torah • In Hebrew, Torah means “to teach” • Some of the laws were similar to those in Babylonia Move to Monotheism • One important way the Torah was different from other laws – God forbade the Israelites to worship any other gods – This set the Israelites apart from other people in the Fertile Crescent Ten Commandments • Laws God gave Moses • The Core of the Jewish religion and teachings 40 Years in the Wilderness • Then the Israelites crossed the river Jordan into Canaan • But without Moses – He died just before they crossed The Nation of Israel • In Canaan the Hebrews defeated several kings – They established the nation of Israel King David • Under King David’s leadership Israel became a powerful kingdom – He made the city of Jerusalem his capital King Solomon • King David’s son • He built a great temple • Jerusalem became the center of religious and political life for the Jews – It continues to be so today Israel Divides • After Solomon’s death the kingdom of Israel split into two • The northern kingdom remained Israel • The southern kingdom was called Judah Israel • In 721 B.C. Israel was conquered by the Assyrians Judah • In 586 B.C. Judah was destroyed by Babylonia – Solomon’s temple was destroyed • Jews were led away to Babylon Diaspora • The scattering of Jews away from their homeland • 1917-1948 Great Britain recognized the rights of the Jewish people to establish a “national home in Palestine." – But curtailed the entry of Jewish refugees into Israel even after World War II. – They split Palestine Mandate into the modern day Jordan and Israel. • 1948 War of Independence • 1956 Sinai War • 1967 Six Day War • 1973 Yom Kippur War • Despite the numerical superiority of the Arab armies, Israel defended itself each time and won. After each war Israeli army withdrew from most of the areas it captured. • Review – Pg 77 #1 – 5 • Use complete sentences • Next up … – The Nile River Valley • Evaluation – Chapter Test