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World Civilizations
The Global Experience
AP* Sixth Edition
Chapter
12
Abbasid Decline and
the Spread of Islamic
Civilization to South
and Southeast Asia
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Spread of Islamic Civilization
I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and
Late Abbasid Eras
II. An Age of Learning and Artistic
Refinements
III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia
IV. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle
and Late Abbasid Eras
• Abbasid empire weakened, 9th-13th
centuries
– Peasant revolts
• Al-Mahdi (775-785)
– Shi’a unreconciled
– Succession not secure
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle
and Late Abbasid Eras
• Imperial Extravagance and Succession
Disputes
– Harun al-Rashid
 Son of al-Mahdi
 The Thousand and One Nights
 Barmicides
• Persian advisors
 Death followed by civil war
– Al-Ma'mun
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Imperial Breakdown and
Agrarian Disorder
• Civil unrest
• Caliphs build lavishly
–Tax burden increases
–Agriculture suffers
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Declining Position of Women in
the Family and Society
• Seclusion, veil
• Polygyny
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Nomadic Incursions and the Eclipse
of Caliphal Power
• Former provinces threaten Abbasids
• Buyids, Persia
–Take Baghdad, 945
–Sultans
• Seljuk Turks
–1055, defeat Buyids
–Sunnis
 Shi'a purges
–Defeat Byzantines, Egypt
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Impact of the Christian
Crusades
• 1096, western European Christian knights
–Small kingdoms established
• Saladin retakes lands
–Last in 1291
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
An Age of Learning and Artistic
Refinements
• Urban growth
• Merchants thrive
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Full Flowering of Persian
Literature
• Persian the court language
–Administration, literature
• Arabic in religion, law, sciences
• Calligraphy
• Firdawsi
–Shah-Nama
 Epic poem
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Full Flowering of Persian
Literature
• Sa'di
• Omar Kayyan
–Rubaiyat
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Achievements in the Sciences
• Math
–Build on Greek work
• Chemistry
–Experiments
• Al-Razi
• Al-Biruni
–Specific weights
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Spread of Islam,
10th-16th Centuries
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Achievements in the Sciences
• Medicine
–Hospitals
–Courses of study
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Religious Trends and the New
Push for Expansion
• Sufis
–Mysticism
• Ulama
–Conservative
–Against outside influence
–Greek philosophy rejected
 Qur'an sufficient
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Religious Trends and the New
Push for Expansion
• Al-Ghazali
–Synthesis of Greek, Qur'anic ideas
–Opposed by orthodoxy
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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New Waves of Nomadic Invasions
and the End of the Caliphate
• Mongols
–Chinggis Khan
• Hulegu
• 1258, Baghdad falls
–Last Abbasid killed
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Modern States with a Sizable
Muslim Population
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Coming of Islam to South Asia
• By 1200, Muslims rule much of north,
central
• Conflict between two different systems
–Hindu religion v. Muslim monotheism
–Muslim egalitarianism v. Indian caste system
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Political Divisions and the First
Muslim Invasions
• First as traders, 8th century
–Attacks lead to invasion
• Muhammad ibn Qasim
–Umayyad general
–Takes Sind, Indus valleys
–Indians treated as dhimmi
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Early Islam in India
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
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Indian Influences on Islamic
Civilization
• Science, math, medicine, music,
astronomy
– India influences Arab
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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From Booty to Empire: The Second
Wave of Muslim Invasions
• 10th century, Turkish dynasty established
in Afghanistan
– Mahmud of Ghazni
 Begins invasion of India
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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From Booty to Empire: The Second
Wave of Muslim Invasions
• Muhammad of Ghur
– Persian
– State in Indus valley
– Thence to Bengal
– His lieutenant, Qutb-ud-Din Aibak
 forms state at Delhi
 Delhi sultanate rules for 300 years
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Patterns of Conversion
• Converts especially among Buddhists,
lower castes, untouchables
– Also, conversion to escape taxes
• Muslims fleeing Mongols, 13th, 14th
centuries
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Patterns of Accommodation
• High-caste Hindus remain apart
– Muslims also often fail to integrate
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Islamic Challenge and
Hindu Revival
• Bhakti
– Devotional cults
– Emotional approach
– Caste distinctions dissolved
– Shiva, Vishnu, Kali especially
• Mira Bai, Kabir,
– Songs in regional languages
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Stand-off: The Muslim Presence in India
at the End of the Sultanate Period
• Brahmins v. ulama
– Separate communities
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Spread of Islam to
Southeast Asia
• Shrivijaya
• Trading Contacts and Conversion
– Trading leads to peaceful conversion
 Sufis important
 Starting with Sumatran ports
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Spread of Islam in
Southeast Asia
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Spread of Islam to
Southeast Asia
• Malacca
– Thence to Malaya, Sumatra, Demak (Java)
• Coastal cities especially receptive
– Buddhist elites, but population converts to
Islam
• Sufi Mystics and the Nature of Southeast
Asian Islam
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.