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(intensity of reactions may be increased); OB, Lactation, Pedi: Safety not established; may cause fetal/neonatal bradycardia, hypotension, hypoglycemia, or respiratory depression.
timolol (tim-oh-lole)
Apo-Timol, Novo-Timol
Classification
Therapeutic: antihypertensives, vascular headache suppressants
Pharmacologic: beta blockers
Pregnancy Category C
Adverse Reactions/Side Effects
CNS: fatigue, weakness, anxiety, depression, dizziness, drowsiness, insomnia, memory loss, mental status changes, nervousness, nightmares. EENT: blurred vision, dry
eyes, nasal stuffiness. Resp: bronchospasm, wheezing. CV: ARRHYTHMIAS, BRADYCARDIA, HF, PULMONARY EDEMA, orthostatic hypotension, peripheral vasoconstriction.
GI: constipation, diarrhea, nausea. GU: erectile dysfunction,plibido. Derm: itching, rashes. Endo: hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia. MS: arthralgia, back pain, muscle
cramps. Neuro: paresthesia. Misc: ANAPHYLAXIS (rare).
Indications
Hypertension (alone or with other agents). Prevention of MI. Prevention of migraine
headaches. Unlabeled Use: Ventricular arrhythmias. Essential tremor. Anxiety.
Action
Blocks stimulation of beta1(myocardial)- and beta2(pulmonary, vascular, and uterine)-adrenergic receptor sites. Therapeutic Effects: Decreased heart rate and
BP. Prevention of MI. Decreased frequency of migraine headache.
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption: Well absorbed after oral administration.
Distribution: Enters breast milk.
Metabolism and Excretion: Extensively metabolized by the liver.
Half-life: 3– 4 hr.
TIME/ACTION PROFILE (cardiovascular effects)
ROUTE
ONSET
PEAK
DURATION
PO
unknown
1–2 hr*
12–24 hr
*After single dose, full effect is not seen until several weeks of therapy
Contraindications/Precautions
Contraindicated in: Uncompensated HF; Pulmonary edema; Cardiogenic shock;
Bradycardia or heart block.
Use Cautiously in: Renal impairment; Hepatic impairment; Geri: May haveq
sensitivity to beta blockers; initial dosage reduction recommended); Pulmonary disease (including asthma); Diabetes mellitus (may mask signs of hypoglycemia); Thyrotoxicosis (may mask symptoms); Patients with a history of severe allergic reactions
⫽ Canadian drug name.
Plate # 0-Composite
⫽ Genetic Implication.
Interactions
Drug-Drug: General anesthesia, IV phenytoin, and verapamil mayqmyocardial depression.qbradycardia may occur with digoxin.qhypotension may occur
with other antihypertensives, acute ingestion of alcohol, or nitrates. Concurrent
use with amphetamines, cocaine, ephedrine, epinephrine, norepinephrine,
phenylephrine, or pseudoephedrine may result in unopposed alpha-adrenergic
stimulation (excessive hypertension, bradycardia). Concurrent thyroid administration maypeffectiveness. May alter the effectiveness of insulins or oral antidiabetics (dosage adjustments may be necessary). Maypeffectiveness of bronchodilators and theophylline. Maypbeneficial cardiovascular effects of dopamine or
dobutamine. Use cautiously within 14 days of MAO inhibitor therapy (may result
in hypertension). Cimetidine may q toxicity. Concurrent NSAIDs may p antihypertensive action.
Route/Dosage
PO (Adults): Antihypertensive— 10 mg twice daily initially; may beqq 7 days as
needed (usual maintenance dose is 10– 20 mg twice daily; up to 60 mg/day). Prevention of MI— 10 mg twice daily, starting 1– 4 wk after MI. Prevention of vascular headache— 10 mg twice daily initially, may be given as a single daily dose; may
bequp to 10 mg in the morning and 20 mg in the evening.
NURSING IMPLICATIONS
Assessment
● Monitor BP and pulse frequently during dose adjustment period and periodically
during therapy. Assess for orthostatic hypotension when assisting patient up from
supine position.
CAPITALS indicate life-threatening, underlines indicate most frequent.
Strikethrough ⫽ Discontinued.
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● May cause drowsiness or dizziness. Caution patients to avoid driving or other ac-
● Monitor intake and output ratios and daily weight. Assess patient rou-
● Advise patients to change positions slowly to minimize orthostatic hypotension, es-
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tinely for evidence of fluid overload (peripheral edema, dyspnea, rales/
crackles, fatigue, weight gain, jugular venous distention).
Hypertension: Monitor frequency of prescription refills to determine adherence.
Vascular Headache Prophylaxis: Assess frequency, severity, characteristics,
and location of vascular headaches periodically during therapy.
Lab Test Considerations: May causeqBUN, serum lipoprotein, potassium,
triglyceride, and uric acid levels.
May causeqANA titers.
May causeqin blood glucose levels.
Toxicity and Overdose: Monitor patients receiving beta blockers for signs of
overdose (bradycardia, severe dizziness or fainting, severe drowsiness, dyspnea,
bluish fingernails or palms, seizures). Notify health care provider immediately if
these signs occur.
Glucagon has been used to treat bradycardia and hypotension.
Potential Nursing Diagnoses
tivities that require alertness until response to the drug is known.
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Decreased cardiac output (Side Effects)
Noncompliance (Patient/Family Teaching)
Implementation
● PO: Take apical pulse before administering. If ⬍50 bpm or if arrhythmia occurs,
withhold medication and notify health care professional.
● May be administered with food or on an empty stomach.
● Tablets may be crushed and mixed with food.
Patient/Family Teaching
● Instruct patient to take medication as directed, at the same time each day, even if
feeling well; do not skip or double up on missed doses. Take missed doses as soon
as possible up to 4 hr before next dose. Abrupt withdrawal may precipitate
life-threatening arrhythmias, hypertension, or myocardial ischemia.
● Advise patient to make sure that enough medication is available for weekends, holidays, and vacations. A written prescription may be kept in wallet in case of emergency.
● Teach patient and family how to check pulse daily and BP biweekly. Advise patient
to hold dose and contact health care professional if pulse is ⬍50 bpm or BP
changes significantly.
●
pecially during initiation of therapy or when dose is increased.
Caution patient that this medication may increase sensitivity to cold.
Instruct patient to consult health care professional before taking other Rx, OTC, or
herbal products, especially cold preparations, concurrently with this medication.
Patients with diabetes should closely monitor blood glucose, especially if weakness, malaise, irritability, or fatigue occurs. Medication may mask tachycardia and
increased BP as signs of hypoglycemia, but dizziness and sweating may still occur.
Advise patient to notify health care professional if slow pulse, difficulty
breathing, wheezing, cold hands and feet, dizziness, confusion, depression, rash, fever, sore throat, unusual bleeding, or bruising occurs.
Instruct patient to inform health care professional of medication regimen before
treatment or surgery.
Advise patient to carry identification describing disease process and medication
regimen at all times.
Hypertension: Reinforce the need to continue additional therapies for hypertension (weight loss, sodium restriction, stress reduction, regular exercise, moderation of alcohol consumption, and smoking cessation). Medication controls but
does not cure hypertension.
Vascular Headache Prophylaxis: Caution patient that sharing this medication
may be dangerous.
Evaluation/Desired Outcomes
● Decrease in BP.
● Prevention of MI.
● Prevention of vascular headaches.
Why was this drug prescribed for your patient?
䉷 2015 F.A. Davis Company
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