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Applied Microbiology Kathy Huschle Northland Community and Technical College Applied Microbiology applied microbiology is the interaction of the microbial world and the rest of the world – genetic variances – microbial effect on soil, water, our food microorganisms are present in most every aspect of our lives – microorganisms are critical to our survival on Earth to be a successful ecosystem on Earth, you’d best be nice to the microorganisms! Microbial Ecology: relationship of microorganisms with each other and their environment ecosystem: interaction of living and non-living components – oceans, deserts, marshes, forests, tundra, lakes – microorganisms play a key role in ecosystem structure Microbial Ecology: relationship of microorganisms with each other and their environment microenvironment: immediately surrounds a microorganism – relevant to survival and growth of the microorganism Nutrient Acquisition within an Ecosystem 3 main levels exist in every ecosystem in regards to nutrient acquisition – producer – consumer – decomposer 1. primary producers: convert CO2 to organic material Nutrient Acquisition within an Ecosystem 2. consumers – heterotrophs – utilize organic material created by producers Nutrient Acquisition within an Ecosystem 3. decomposers – heterotrophs – digest leftovers of primary producers and consumers detritus ( fresh or partially decomposed organic matter) – bacteria and fungi are key players in the process of decomposition Low Nutrient Environments: common in nature bacteria do best in biofilms if nutrition availability is low – biofilms are a polysaccharide encased community of microorganisms – microorganisms extract nutrients that are absorbed by water from air or nutrients that are adsorbed onto the biofilm Microbial competition and antagonism most environments are suitable to many kinds of microorganisms only one or a few can actually occupy the environment at a given time Competition and Antagonism: among microorganisms competition: – fierce competition for nutrients and water – the faster a microbe reproduces the larger the population – the larger population competes better critical, especially if the microorganisms competing utilize similar nutrients antagonism – bacteriocins: protein produced by bacteria that destroys similar strains “WINNER TAKES ALL AND IS KING/QUEEN OF THE MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEM” Example of Competition stability of microbial community in human intestine is attributed to competition and antagonism amongst its members – compete nicely for nutrients – produce toxins to limit growth of new microbes Environmental Change affect microbial population environmental fluctuations are common and resident microorganisms may respond by – producing enzymes to help adapt to changing environment additional or different enzymes may be necessary for survival – mutation – domination by other species (can’t compete any more) Microbial Mat: thick, dense, organized biofilm generally found attached to a solid substrate or at airwater interfaces Microbial mat attached to rocks Microbial mat in stream bed The Study of Microbial Ecology somewhat difficult to accomplish – less than 1% of environmental microorganisms can be successfully cultured in the lab Microbial Habitat aquatic – marine: deep waters are usually stable and consistent shoreline habitat varies due to nutrient rich run-off Microbial Habitat freshwater: algae – lakes stratification allows for the mixing of the water seasonally. Increases the presence of O2 in the deeper H2O paramecium Microbial Habitat moving water – rivers generally aerobic due to turbulence facilitating O2 circulation river ostracod Microbial Habitat terrestrial – microorganisms are critical to soil habitat composition of microbes is dependent on soil conditions wet soil: anaerobic conditions due to water filling the pore space in the soil, soil dries and microbes go produce endospores for survival Endospores Mutualism with Eukaryotes mychorrhizae: fungus – assist plants in the uptake of phosphorous – mychorrizae gain nutrient from plant Mutualism nitrogen fixers: fix nitrogen and make it available for the use by their partner plant – most common is Rhizobium, a microorganism found in many root nodules Rhizobium in root nodules Nitrogen Cycle Mutualism: microorganisms and the world microorganisms and herbivores – animal with a rumens (cow) or cecums (horse) need microorganisms to digest the plant food they ingest Bacillus in a cow rumen Microorganisms in Sewage Treatment decreasing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) decreases impact of sewage on the environment BOD is the amount of O2 needed for microbial decomposition of the organic material in a sample Grit chamber Biological filter Clarifier Microorganisms in Sewage Treatment if not treated the high BOD found in sewage could deplete the O2 level in the receiving water in other words if raw sewage is deposited into a lake or stream without treatment, it would effectively suck the oxygen out of the water, leaving very little for the fish and other organisms Microorganisms in Sewage Treatment sewage treatment is a controlled process that strives to eliminate the excess organic material, thus diminishing the BOD – most of the removal of organic matter is done by microorganisms bacterial filaments Microorganisms and Water Treatment and Testing municipal water supplies are tested and treated for the removal of pathogenic microorganisms and chemicals – this is done with the use of chemicals Microorganisms and Solid Waste Treatment the elimination of organic waste material can be enhanced by microorganisms – increase cost to separate organic material from inorganic (glass, metal, plastic) – composting: natural decomposition of organic solid materiel results in excellent fertilizer Compost microorganisms are needed to breakdown the organic material Bioremediation: use of microorganisms to eliminate or make harmless pollutants in an environment pollutants removed can include – organic solvents – toxic chemicals – hydrocarbons oil spill Bioremediation introduces specific organisms to the polluted area – many toxic substances are man-made/new to the environment (xenobiotics) – no time for naturally occurring microbes to have evolved biochemical pathways for their degradation scientists are trying to develop new microbes for the degradation of environmental polluters Cleaning an oil spill Bioremediation scientists are also making use of organisms already found in the environment – enhance their requirements for growth, such as nutrition or water availability Bacteria in an oil spill Why Bioremediation? current methods of controlling some environmental polluters are incineration or storage in land fills, which result in – more pollution – health risks bioremediation is – inexpensive – publicly accepted – non-polluting (ideally) – in situ treatment (at the site)