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Civilizations Become Empires The first civilizations continued to grow and ultimately evolved into the world’s first empires empire (define): A. Trade became the impetus that helped civilizations grow into empires 1. The Minoans (who lived on the island of Crete) were a seafaring people that exported their goods and culture throughout the Mediterranean Sea 2. archeologists discovered the Minoan capitol city of Knossos a. what they discovered (explain): 3. historians believe that the end of the Minoan culture may have been caused by a series of natural disasters B. As the Minoans declined in power throughout the Mediterranean, the Phoenicians grew 1. the Phoenicians did not have a large single country, rather they owned trading posts throughout the Mediterranean Sea 2. some of their incredible accomplishments (explain): 3. the Phoenician trading cities grew extremely wealthy 4. in order to gain this wealth, the Phoenicians had a product of great value a. what it was: b. from where it came: c. significance: 1 5. perhaps one of the greatest achievements of the Phoenicians was one of the “5 C’s” a. they used symbols to represent sounds – the first alphabet b. why it was needed (explain): 6. unfortunately for the Phoenicians, their major trading cities existed along the western part of Mesopotamia – an area that was continually attacked by various groups C. During this time the Hebrews emerged as a powerful group in the eastern Mediterranean 1. what made the Hebrews different from other groups in the area (explain): 2. Abraham is considered the “father” of the Hebrew people 3. Moses was the one who led the Hebrews out of Egypt and ultimately received the “10 Commandments” (explain): 4. when the Hebrews settled in Canaan, the most powerful of the 12 tribes emerged – the tribe of Judah a. Hebrews became known as – Jewish b. the religion became known as – Judaism 5. the Jewish people established the Kingdom of Israel and powerful rulers brought peace and prosperity to the region a. they built a capitol (explain): b. what King Solomon built (explain): 6. again because of Israel’s location it became difficult to defend against constant attacks 2 D. At this time Egypt was transforming into an empire with powerful rulers 1. after removing an invading force of Hyksos, a period of prosperity began for Egypt 2. Hatshepsut was a unique pharaoh (explain): 3. her rule, coupled with the military rule of later pharaohs, helped make Egypt a more diverse empire 4. ultimately one group proved too powerful in the area and their military expertise soon won out – the Assyrians E. The Assyrians grew into the greatest military power of Southwest Asia 1. the Assyrians had distinct advantages in battle (explain): 2. at the height of their empire, the Assyrians controlled Mesopotamia, Egypt, and into present day Turkey 3. how the Assyrians organized their empire (explain): 4. conquered people were forced to pay taxes or . . . . (explain): 5. the Assyrians created a capitol city of Nineveh a. what interesting building would you find their (explain): b. significance (explain): 6. ultimately the cruelty the Assyrians showed to their conquered enemy destroyed them. No one wanted to live under their rule 7. the Chaldeans came to power a. what they did (explain): 3 8. Nebuchadnezzar’s (Chaldean king) contribution (explain): F. After the unrest in the area, the Persians emerged as the powerful rulers in the area 1. how the Persians differed from the Assyrians (explain): 2. Cyrus helped Persia reach its greatest height a. land that comprised the empire (explain): 3. what allowed Cyrus to be so successful was the respect he had for conquered people a. he allowed the Jewish people to return to Jerusalem after being removed by the Babylonians b. Cyrus set a precedent that future leaders of Persia would follow 4. with such a large empire, Persia took vital steps to maintain control Step Taken Significance Divide empire into 20 provinces Appoint: Satrap Tax collector Build roads Create standard currency 4 Towards the very western edge of the Persian Empire lay the Greek citystates. This area developed into its own powerful and unique culture and eventually defeated the Persian Empire and spread their own civilization G. The physical setting of Greece had a tremendous impact on the development of the Greek culture 1. Greece is a peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea a. it consists of 2,000 islands in the surrounding seas b. the Greeks became excellent sailors and relied on the sea for their survival 2. mountains cut through the peninsula of Greece a. significance (explain): 3. the land was not suitable to support a large population a. significance (explain): Eventually two powerful city-states emerged as the cultural and political leaders of Greece H. The city-state of Athens created a government which attempted to “level the playing field” between the wealthy and poor 1. Athens developed a democracy (explain): 2. several steps were taken to ensure the Athenian democracy a. Draco’s Code (explain): b. all citizens could participate in government (regardless of class) 5 c. any citizens can charge another with “wrongdoing” d. any citizen could submit a law for passage 3. there were some problems with the Athenian democracy (explain): I. Education in Athens was seen as vital to the continued success of the citystate 1. what Athenian BOYS studied (explain): 2. Athenian girls were taught at home and their education focused on domestic roles J. Unlike the Athenian culture rooted in democracy, their rival, Sparta created a government and society strictly tied to the military 1. the requirement of men in Sparta (explain): 2. historians point to the strict education of boys in Sparta as an example of the emphasis on military power 3. boys left home at age 7 to enter military school What happened to students The “Curriculum” Desired Outcome Given one article of clothing all year Given little food throughout the day Endured regular beatings 6 4. women in Sparta played an active role in society a. they received military training b. they were expected to take active roles on individual estates (why): K. These two rivals (Athens and Sparta) briefly united (along with the other Greek city-states) to stop the invasion of the Persians in what became known as the Persian War 1. through military cunning and stories of great bravery, the Greeks were able to stop the Persians from conquering Greece 2. after the war, the Greek city-states united to form the Delian League a. Athens emerged as the “leader” of this union and thus began a golden age of Athens L. As Athens grew more powerful, other city-states grew weary of Athenian control 1. their old rival (Sparta) soon declared war on Athens and began the Peloponnesian War a. who would have the advantage (explain): 2. ultimately Sparta won because of terrible plagues and hunger that struck the Athenians 3. result of the Peloponnesian War (explain): 4. philosophers attempted to find logic in this time of chaos a. Socrates – b. Plato – c. Aristotle – 7 The Greek city-states despised the rule of Sparta and soon became what they started as – a loose confederation of diverse city-states. Now they were susceptible to outside invasion. M. The invasion of Greece came from the land north known as Macedonia 1. King Philip of Macedonia was the leader who organized and successfully carried out his invasion of Greece a. his goal (explain): 2. Philip was killed at his daughter’s wedding and his plan for the invasion of Persia fell to his son – Alexander 3. important points about Alexander the Great (explain): 4. how he created his reputation as a ruthless warrior (explain): 5. Alexander used unconventional tactics to work his way through the Persian Empire a. he moved from west to east conquering the areas in his path b. when he got to Egypt (explain): 6. Alexander wanted the entire empire – all the way to India a. what happened in India (explain): 7. as Alexander began his march back west he contacted a terrible fever in Babylon and died (he was 32 years old) 8 N. Perhaps Alexander’s greatest achievement was in beginning and spreading the Hellenistic culture 1. this was a blend of the Greek culture along with the various cultures that comprised the Persian Empire (Egypt, Mesopotamia, India) 2. “THE” Hellenistic city (explain): 3. Hellenistic scholars made tremendous advancements in many areas Person/Area of achievement Contribution Astronomy Euclid Archimedes 9