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Psychology 3318 Davison and Neale Chapter 1 Introduction: Historical and Scientific Considerations Definitions of Psychopathology • • • • • Statistical Infrequency Violation of Norms Personal Distress Disability or Dysfunction Unexpectedness Mental Health Professions Profession Degree Remarks Clinical Psychologist Ph. D., Psy. D., Ed. D. Specially trained in research and testing Psychiatrist M. D., O. D. Can prescribe drugs Social Worker M. S. W., B. S. W., Other Historically trained to examine environment; trend is towards casework (therapy) Psychoanalyst Various Uses psychoanalytic methods Paraprofessional Various, usually subdoctoral Does various things under supervision Lawyer J. D., L. L. B. Often not formally trained. Pastoral Counselor Various, usually subdoctoral Minister Physician M. D., O. D. Can prescribe drugs; often not highly trained in psychopathology General Models of Psychopathology • Demonology – Psychopathology arises from evil spirits – Still part of much contemporary thought – Stresses moral aspects of the disorder • Somatogenesis (biogenesis) – Psychopathology is physical illness (structural) • Psychogenesis – Psychopathology arises from learning (functional) • Political issues are often important Somatogensis • Hippocrates and humor theory • Merged with demonology in middle ages – Witchcraft – Malleus Maleficarum (Witches Hammer) • Asylums – Bethlehem (Bedlam) • Moral Treatment – Pinel at La Bicêtre – William Tuke at York Asylum (England) – Dorthea Dix in US Somatogenesis (Cont.) • Vesalius and anatomy • Griesinger: Diagnosis must specify biological cause • Kraelpin: Syndromes (collection of symptoms), first diagnostic system. • Pasteur and germ theory • General paresis found to have biological cause. Psychogenesis • Importance of hysteria: Symptoms without apparent biological cause • Mesmer – – – – Hysteria caused by disturbance of magnetic fluid Placed patients in baquet (tub) Very charismatic Introduced hypnosis • Charcot – More orthodox and famous neurologist – Fooled by students into believing a hypnotized woman was a conversion hysteric Psychogensis (Cont.) • Breuer – Treated Anna O. – Introduced cathartic method in which emotional release was undertaken – Coauthored Studies in Hysteria with Freud • Freud (discussed more fully in next chapter) – Well trained as neurologist – Noted patients with no biological pathology Science as a Human Enterprise • There is debate how objective science is • Thomas Kuhn introduced notion of a paradigm: a conceptual framework in which scientist works that accentuates certain things and diminishes the role of others. • Newton, Einstein, and others created what many would call new paradigms. • Chapter 2 illustrates what might be called paradigms in psychopathology. • Your text provides an example of how behavioral therapists and traditional clinicians see behavior differently.