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Psychology 3318
Davison and Neale
Chapter 1
Introduction: Historical and Scientific Considerations
Definitions of Psychopathology
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Statistical Infrequency
Violation of Norms
Personal Distress
Disability or Dysfunction
Unexpectedness
Mental Health Professions
Profession
Degree
Remarks
Clinical Psychologist
Ph. D., Psy. D., Ed. D.
Specially trained in research and testing
Psychiatrist
M. D., O. D.
Can prescribe drugs
Social Worker
M. S. W., B. S. W., Other
Historically trained to examine environment; trend is
towards casework (therapy)
Psychoanalyst
Various
Uses psychoanalytic methods
Paraprofessional
Various, usually
subdoctoral
Does various things under supervision
Lawyer
J. D., L. L. B.
Often not formally trained.
Pastoral Counselor
Various, usually
subdoctoral
Minister
Physician
M. D., O. D.
Can prescribe drugs; often not highly trained in
psychopathology
General Models of Psychopathology
• Demonology
– Psychopathology arises from evil spirits
– Still part of much contemporary thought
– Stresses moral aspects of the disorder
• Somatogenesis (biogenesis)
– Psychopathology is physical illness (structural)
• Psychogenesis
– Psychopathology arises from learning (functional)
• Political issues are often important
Somatogensis
• Hippocrates and humor theory
• Merged with demonology in middle ages
– Witchcraft
– Malleus Maleficarum (Witches Hammer)
• Asylums
– Bethlehem (Bedlam)
• Moral Treatment
– Pinel at La Bicêtre
– William Tuke at York Asylum (England)
– Dorthea Dix in US
Somatogenesis (Cont.)
• Vesalius and anatomy
• Griesinger: Diagnosis must specify biological cause
• Kraelpin: Syndromes (collection of symptoms), first
diagnostic system.
• Pasteur and germ theory
• General paresis found to have biological cause.
Psychogenesis
• Importance of hysteria: Symptoms without apparent biological cause
• Mesmer
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Hysteria caused by disturbance of magnetic fluid
Placed patients in baquet (tub)
Very charismatic
Introduced hypnosis
• Charcot
– More orthodox and famous neurologist
– Fooled by students into believing a hypnotized woman was a conversion hysteric
Psychogensis (Cont.)
• Breuer
– Treated Anna O.
– Introduced cathartic method in which emotional release was
undertaken
– Coauthored Studies in Hysteria with Freud
• Freud (discussed more fully in next chapter)
– Well trained as neurologist
– Noted patients with no biological pathology
Science as a Human Enterprise
• There is debate how objective science is
• Thomas Kuhn introduced notion of a paradigm: a conceptual framework in
which scientist works that accentuates certain things and diminishes the role
of others.
• Newton, Einstein, and others created what many would call new paradigms.
• Chapter 2 illustrates what might be called paradigms in psychopathology.
• Your text provides an example of how behavioral therapists and traditional
clinicians see behavior differently.