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Chapter 4
Body and Behavior
Do Now: What sort of exercise or sports do
you engage in? How does your body respond
when you do these activities?
The Nervous System
Section 1 Objective
The Nervous
System: The Basic
Structure
- Understand that the
nervous system
helps us know how
messages that are
sent to and from the
brain cause
behavior.
CNS vs. PNS
 Central nervous
system consists of
the brain and spinal
cord.
 Peripheral nervous
system consists of the
nerve branches that
reach the rest of the
body.
Diagram a Neuron
Dendrites
Axon
Terminal
Cell
Body
Axon
Nucleus
Myelin
Sheath
Explain what each piece of a Neuron
does.
 Dendrites  receives & transmits messages
 Cell body → contains DNA and provides metabolic
support
 Axon  carries signal from body to the axon
terminal
 Axon Terminal  receives impulse from axon &
releases neurotransmitters to stimulate dendrites.
 Myelin Sheath  insulates & protects axon
What are Neurotransmitters?
Give Examples.
Definition  Chemicals released by neurons, which determine the
rate at which other neurons fire.
Examples:
-Norepinephrine: used to treat depression and helps with
memory and learning
-Endorphin: Inhibits pain, can give a feeling like being high
-Acetylcholine: used to treat paralysis/Alzheimer’s, helps
with movement and memory
-Dopamine: helps with learning, emotional arousal &
movement. Too much leads to schizophrenia and too
little to Parkinson’s disease
-Serotonin: regulates mood, too little leads to depression
Briefly describe Neuron activity.
 Ascending  carries impulses to brain
 Descending  carries motor impulses from brain
 Afferent (Sensory) Neurons  relay messages
from sense organs to the brain
 Efferent (Motor) Neurons  send signals from
brain to glands & muscles
 Interneurons  process signals, connecting only
to other neurons
Voluntary & Involuntary Activities
 Two parts to the PNS:
 The somatic nervous system (SNS)
controls voluntary activities.
 The autonomic nervous system (ANS)
controls involuntary activities and has 2
parts.
What are the 2 parts of the autonomic
nervous system and what do they do?
 Sympathetic  Prepares
body for emergencies &
strenuous activity.
 All is done
automatically
 Speeds up heart rate,
increases oxygen to
muscle tissue, increase
blood pressure and
suspends other
activities
What are the 2 parts of the autonomic
nervous system and what do they do?
 Parasympathetic 
conserves energy and
enhances recovery
 All happens
automatically.
 Lowers blood pressure
and heart rate to
stabilize body.
 Prepares body for
recovery.
Construct a graphic organizer of the
nervous system.
Somatic- controls
voluntary muscles
Peripheral
Autonomic- controls
involuntary muscles
Nervous
System
Central
Brain and Spinal
Cord
Sympatheticexpends energy
Parasympatheticconserves energy
 ■The nervous system is
Section 1 Recap
Main Idea:
Learning about the
nervous system
helps us know how
messages that are
sent to the brain
cause behavior.
divided into two parts: the
central nervous system and
the peripheral nervous
system.
 ■Messages to and from
the brain travel along the
nerves.
 ■Nerve cells called
neurons have three basic
parts: the cell body,
dendrites, and the axon.
 ■ The somatic nervous
system controls the body’s
voluntary activities, and the
autonomic nervous system
controls the body’s
involuntary activities.
Section 2 Objective
Studying the
Brain
Discuss the
many parts of
the brain that
work together
to coordinate
movement and
stimulate
thinking and
emotions.
Vocab words that need some
defining.
Parts of the Brian
 Hindbrain
 Midbrain
 Forebrain
 Lobes
Tests
 Electroencephalograph
(EEG)
 Computerized axial
tomography (CT)
 Positron Emission
Tomography (PET)
 Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI)
What do each of the following
control?
 Cerebellum  Posture, Balance, &
voluntary moves
 Medulla  Breathing, Heart-rate, Reflexes
 Pons  Bridges spinal cord & brain,
produces chemicals for sleep
 Midbrain  RAS alert brain to incoming
signals & regulates sleep/wake cycle
 Thalamus  relay station for info to cortex
from eyes, ear & skin
What do each of the following
control?
 Hypothalamus  controls hunger, thirst,
temperature change & sexual arousal
 Cerebral Cortex  allows learning, stores
complex & abstract info, projects thinking
into the future, allows you to see, read, and
understand words
 Cortex  conscious thinking process
 Limbic System  regulates emotion &
motivation, made up of the Hypothalamus,
Amygdala, Thalamus, & Hippocampus
What do each of the following
control?
 Amygdala  controls rage & fear
 Hippocampus  forms memories
 Cerebrum  covers limbic system
What conclusions were drawn from
experiments done on people with
split brain injuries?
 https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=82tlVcq6E7A
 https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=MVdjupsToAE
 https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=0S09GImDB5Y
What conclusions were drawn from
experiments done on people with split
brain injuries?
 Each hemisphere is unique with
specialized functions and skills. Most
people remained unchanged in
intelligence, personality, and
emotions.
Examples of how psychologists study
the brain
 Recording  Using
EEG electrical
impulses and neuron
activity are monitored
 Stimulation 
Electric impulses are
used on various parts
of the brain to
stimulate and/or alter
behavior
 Lesions  Destroying
parts of the brain to
alter behavior
 Accidents  studying
the brain after trama in
order to explain
behavior changes
 Images  researchers
use various techniques
to views the brain and
look for activity and/or
activity
EEG - electroencephalograph
Lesions
Scientists create
lesions by cutting or
destroying part of an
animals brain.
Studies behavior before
and after lesion
created.
If behavior has
changed it is assumed
that the part of the
brain that was
destroyed was
responsible for the
behavior.
IMAGES OF THE BRAIN
CT scans used to
pinpoint brain injuries
and brain deterioration
PET (positron emission
tomography) scans are
used to see which parts
of the brain are being
activated while
performing tests
MRI
(magnetic
resonance
imaging)
scans are
used to study
brain structure
and activity
 ■The brain is made of
Section 2 Recap
Main Idea: There are
many parts in the
human brain that
work together to
coordinate movement
and stimulate
thinking and
emotions, resulting in
behavior.
three parts: the hindbrain,
the midbrain, and the
forebrain.
 ■The cortex of the brain is
divided into the left and the
right hemispheres; the left
hemisphere controls the
movements of the right
side of the body, and the
right hemisphere controls
the movements of the left
side of the body.
 ■Psychologists use
recording, stimulation,
lesions, and imaging to
study the brain.
Section 3 Objective
The
Endocrine
System
Explain how
the endocrine
system
controls and
excites growth
and affects
emotions and
behavior.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-qQbIiOtYM
What gives people the energy to keep running or fighting
through an emergency situation?
What is the Thyroid Gland
responsible for controlling?
Energy Level
Metabolism
What does the adrenal gland do?
 Produces epinephrine
(adrenaline) and
norepinephrine.
 These increase heart
rate and breathing,
heighten emotions
(fear/anxiety) and
produce extra energy.
Changes in Sexes at Puberty
Males
Females
Sex organs
 Testes
 Ovaries
Hormones
 Testosterone
 Estrogen &
Importance
of Hormones
 Prenatal  Decides
Progesterone
 Adolescence 
sex of child
Develop sex
 Adolescence 
characteristics,
Muscle growth & sex
regulate menstrual
cycle, cause PMS
characteristics
How are neurotransmitters and
hormones different?
 ■The endocrine
Section 3 Recap
Main Idea: The
endocrine system
controls and
excites growth and
affects emotions
and behavior in
people.
system, in addition
to the nervous
system, is a
communication
system for sending
information to and
from the brain.
 ■The endocrine
system sends
chemical messages,
called hormones.
Section 4 Objective
Heredity and
Environment
Identify heredity
and
environment
and analyze how
they affect your
body and
behavior.
 https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=qw3S35wGgT8
 ■Heredity is the genetic
Section 4 Recap
Main Idea: Heredity is
the transmission of
characteristics from
parents to children.
Environment is the
world around you.
Heredity and
environment affect
your body and
behavior.
transmission of
characteristics from
parents to their offspring.
 ■Genes are the basic
units of heredity; they are
reproduced and passed
along from parents to
child.
 ■All the effects that
genes have on behavior
occur through their role in
building and modifying
the physical structures of
the body.