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Saving Lives: Understanding Depression And Preventing Suicide – Prevention Training For Physicians and Medical Personnel The Ohio Suicide Prevention Foundation Developed by Ellen J. Anderson, Ph.D., SPCC, 20032008 “Still the effort seems unhurried. Every 17 minutes in America, someone commits suicide. Where is the public concern and outrage?” Kay Redfield Jamison Author of Night Falls Fast: Understanding Suicide Physicians Awareness Training 2 Training Goals Learn about local suicide prevention efforts, how these efforts connect with your practice and patients Understand the pivotal role of medical personnel in the treatment of depressed patients and in reducing suicide risk Increase awareness of suicide risk characteristics in patients who may not present as depressed/suicidal Learn a brief suicide risk assessment model Learn to ask the “S” question Physicians Awareness Training 3 Why Do We Need To Improve Suicide Prevention Efforts? Suicide is the last taboo We can talk about sex, alcoholism, cancer, but not suicide People need to understand the impact of depression and other mental illnesses, and how they lead to suicide Suicide is a preventable death Integrating medical staff into the efforts of suicide prevention coalitions to reduce deaths, increase awareness, and reduce stigma seems critical to local, state, and national efforts to change our approach to this age-old problem Physicians Awareness Training 4 Changing Our Approach: Depression Is An Illness Suicide has been viewed for countless generations as: A moral failing, a spiritual weakness An inability to cope with life “The coward’s way out” A character flaw This cultural view of suicide is not validated by our current understanding of brain chemistry and it’s interaction with stress, trauma and genetics on mood and behavior Physicians Awareness Training 5 The Feel of Depression “I am 6 feet tall. The way I have felt these past few months, it is as though I am in a very small room, and the room is filled with water, up to about 5’ 10”, and my feet are glued to the floor, and its all I can do to breathe.” Physicians Awareness Gatekeeper Training-Training Dr. Ellen Anderson 6 6 The research evidence is overwhelming- what we think of as depression is far more than a sad mood. It includes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Weight gain/loss Sleep problems Sense of tiredness, exhaustion Sad mood Loss of interest in pleasurable things, lack of motivation Irritability Confusion, loss of concentration, poor memory Negative thinking Withdrawal from friends and family Often, suicidal thoughts (DSMIVR, 2002) Physicians Awareness Training 7 20 years of brain research teaches that what we are seeing is the behavioral result of: Changes in the physical structure of the brain Destruction or shutting down of brain cells in the hippocampus and amygdala (5HTP axis) Decrease in neurotransmitters increased agitation in the limbic system Depressed people suffer from a physical illness within the brain – what we might consider “faulty wiring” (Braun, 2000; Surgeon General’s Call To Action, 1999, Stoff & Mann, 1997, The Neurobiology of Suicide) Physicians Awareness Training 8 Faulty Wiring? Literally, damage to certain nerve cells in our brains The result of too many stress hormones – cortisol, adrenaline and testosterone Hormones activated by our Autonomic Nervous System to protect us in times of danger Chronic stress causes changes in the functioning of the ANS, so that a high level of activation occurs with little stimulus Causes changes in muscle tension, imbalances in blood flow patterns leading to illnesses such as asthma, IBS, back pain and depression (Goleman, 1997, Braun, 1999) Physicians Awareness Training 9 Faulty Wiring? Without a way to return to rest, hormones accumulate, doing damage to brain cells Stress alone is not the problem, but how we interpret the event, thought or feeling People with genetic predispositions, placed in a highly stressful environment will experience damage to brain cells from stress hormones This leads to the cluster of thinking and emotional changes we call depression (Goleman, 1997; Braun, 1999) Physicians Awareness Training 10 Where It Hits Us Physicians Awareness Training 11 One of Many Neurons •Neurons make up the brain and cause us to think, feel, and act •Neurons must connect to one another (through dendrites and axons) •Stress hormones damage dendrites and axons, causing them to “shrink” away from other connectors •As fewer connections are made, more and more symptoms of depression appear Physicians Awareness Training 12 As damage occurs, thinking changes in the predictable ways identified in our 10 criteria “Thought constriction” can lead to the idea that suicide is the only option How do antidepressants affect this “brain damage”? May counter the effects of stress hormones We know now that antidepressants stimulate genes within the neurons (turn on growth genes) which encourage the growth of new dendrites (Braun, 1999) Physicians Awareness Training 13 Renewed dendrites increase the number of neuronal connections The more connections, the more information flow, the more flexibility and resilience the brain will have Why does increasing the amount of serotonin, as many anti-depressants do, take so long to reduce the symptoms of depression? It takes 4-6 weeks to re-grow dendrites & axons (Braun, 1999) Physicians Awareness Training 14 Why Don’t We Seek Treatment? We don’t know we are experiencing a brain disorder – we don’t recognize the symptoms When we talk to doctors, we are vague about symptoms We believe the things we are thinking and feeling are our fault, our failure, our weakness, not an illness We fear being stigmatized at work, at church, at school Physicians Awareness Training 15 No Happy Pills For Me The stigma around depression leads to refusal of treatment Taking medication is viewed as a failure by the same people who cheerfully take their blood pressure or cholesterol meds Medication is seen as altering personality, taking something away, rather than as repairing damage done to the brain by stress hormones Physicians Awareness Training 16 Therapy? Are You Kidding? I Don’t Need All That Woo-Woo Stuff! How can patients seek treatment for something they believe is a personal failure? Acknowledging the need for help is not popular in our culture (Strong Silent type, Cowboy) People who seek therapy may be viewed as weak Therapists are viewed as crazy They’ll just blame it on my mother or some other stupid thing Physicians Awareness Training 17 How Does Psychotherapy Help? Medications may improve brain function, but do not change how we interpret stress Psychotherapy, especially cognitive or interpersonal therapy, helps people change the (negative) patterns of thinking that lead to depressed and suicidal thoughts Research shows that cognitive psychotherapy is as effective as medication in reducing depression and suicidal thinking Changing our beliefs and thought patterns alters our response to stress – we are not as reactive or as affected by stress at the physical level (Lester, 2004) Physicians Awareness Training 18 What Therapy? The standard of care is medication and psychotherapy combined At this point, only cognitive behavioral and interpersonal psychotherapies are considered to be effective with clinical depression (evidencebased) Consider EMDR for patients with trauma experiences Look for therapists with specific training – Ask! Physicians Awareness Training 19 Yet most people do not understand the physical aspects of mental illness, as you have no doubt found in talking with your patients Suicide is strongly linked with certain mental illnesses, and most people do not understand this connection Your county Suicide Prevention Coalition is attempting to Reduce the stigma attached to mental illness, increase help-seeking behavior, and increase awareness of the consequences of untreated depression Physicians Awareness Training 20 Suicide Prevention Efforts First national effort established at NIMH in 1969 Surgeon General issued a call to action to prevent suicide in 1999 In 2001, a National Strategy for Suicide Prevention Committee developed future goals and objectives An Ohio Suicide Prevention Plan was developed in May, 2002, and grants for local coalitions were given out in November of 2002 Physicians Awareness Training 21 Development Of Prevention Efforts Over the past 20 years, we have acquired valuable information on risk and protective factors, methods for preventing suicidal behavior, and improved research methods An increase in suicide prevention programs in schools The rapid development of suicidology as a multidisciplinary sub-specialty Establishment of centers for the study and prevention of suicide Physicians Awareness Training 22 Framework For Prevention Public health approach to prevention in contrast to clinical approaches used in the past The prevailing model is the Universal, Selective, and Indicated model (WHO, 2002) Focuses attention on defined populations, from everyone, to specific at-risk groups, to specific high-risk individuals Physicians Awareness Training 23 Is Suicide Really a Problem? 89 people complete suicide every day 32,637 people in 2005 in the US Over 1,000,000 suicides worldwide (reported) This data refers to completed suicides that are documented by medical examiners – it is estimated that 2-3 times as many actually complete suicide (Surgeon General’s Report on Suicide, 1999) Physicians Awareness Training 24 The Unnoticed Death For every 2 homicides, 3 people complete suicide yearly– data that has been constant for 100 years During the Viet Nam War from 1964-1972, we lost 58,000 troops, and 220,000 people to suicide Physicians Awareness Training 25 Who Is At Risk? Most people assume young people are more likely to complete suicide, It is the 3rd largest killer of youth ages 15-24 In 2005, 267 children aged 10-14 completed Adult males from 35-55 actually complete suicide at a far greater rate than youth The elderly are at significant risk; among those over 75, 1 out of 4 attempts end in death because the elderly tend to use more lethal means (Surgeon General’s call to Action, 1999) Physicians Awareness Training 26 Comparative Rates Of U.S. Suicides-2004 Rates per 100,000 population National average White males Hispanic males African-American males Asians Caucasian females African American females Males over 85 - 11.1 per 100,000* - 18 - 10.3 - 9.1 ** - 5.2 - 4.8 - 1.5 - 67.6 Annual Attempts – 811,000 (estimated) 150-1 completion for the young - 4-1 for the elderly (*AAS website),**(Significant increases have occurred among African Americans in the past 10 years - Toussaint, 2002) Physicians Awareness Training 27 Suicide Rate By Age Per 100,000 % Suicide per 100,000 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 Age 65-74 75-84 85+ Older people: 12.7% of 1999 population, but 18.8% of suicides. (Hovert, 1999) Physicians Awareness Training 28 Suicide Rates Among The Elderly • The elderly have the highest suicide rate of any group • Depression in late life affects six million people, one out of six patients in a general medical practice • However, only one of those six patients is diagnosed and treated appropriately • The majority of these people have seen their primary care physician within the last month of life • There is evidence that the majority of elderly suicide victims die in the midst of their first episode of major depression • Depression is not a normal consequence of aging and can significantly alter the course of other medical conditions (Empfield, 2003) Physicians Awareness Training 29 PCP’s And Diagnosis Of Depression Seniors have often visited a health-care provider before completing suicide 20% of elderly (over 65 years) who complete suicide visited a physician within 24 hours 41% within a week 75% within one month Patients may not use the words depression or sadness Because of the stigma that is still attached to this diagnosis, somatic symptoms may become the focus of complaint There may be much denial and minimizing of affective symptoms (Empfield, 2003) Physicians Awareness Training 30 Poor Quality Of Mental Health Care For Elders Increased risk for inappropriate medication treatment (Bartels, et al., 1997, 2002) > 1 in 5 older persons given an inappropriate prescription (Zhan, 2001) The elderly are less likely to be treated with psychotherapy (Bartels, et al., 1997) Lower quality of general health care is associated with increased mortality (Druss, 2001) Physicians Awareness Training 31 Depression Associated With Worse Health Outcomes Depression is common among older patients with certain medical disorders Associated with worse health outcomes Greater use and costs of medications Greater use of health services Medical illness greatly increases the risk for depression particularly in: Ischemic heart disease (e.g. MI, CABG) Stroke Cancer Chronic lung disease Parkinson’s disease Rheumatoid Arthritis Physicians Awareness Training Alzheimer’s disease (Empfield, 2003) 32 In Cancer, depression leads to Increased Hospitalization Poorer physical function Poorer quality of life Poorer pain control Increased mortality rates for Hip fractures Long Term Care Residents Myocardial Infarction In heart attack patients, depression is a significant predictor of death at 6 months ( Frasure-Smith 1993, 1995; Mossey 1990; Penninx et al. 2001; Katz 1989, Rovner 1991, Parmelee 1992;Ashby1991; Shah 1993, Samuels 1997) Physicians Awareness Training 33 Rates Of Depression Among Elders With Illness Cognitively intact nursing home patients shown to have symptoms consistent with depressive disorders – 60% Chronically ill outpatients in a primary care practice - 25% Hospitalized patients - 20% In nursing homes, regardless of physical health, major depression increases the likelihood of mortality by 59% in one year Physicians Awareness Training (Empfield, 2003) 34 Benefits Of Treatment For Depression In The Elderly Depression is one of the few medical conditions in which treatment can make a rapid and dramatic difference in an elderly person’s level of function and quality of life Treatment may help patients accept medical treatment that they otherwise might refuse because of feelings of hopelessness or futility Treatment also helps enhance or recover coping skills needed to deal with the inevitable losses associated with chronic medical illness Physicians Awareness Training (Empfield, 2003) 35 What Factors Put Someone At Risk? Many things increase one’s risk for suicide- biological, psychological, social factors all apply The single greatest risk factor for suicide completion Having a Depressive Disorder 90% of reported US suicides are experiencing depression The 2nd biggest factor - having an alcohol or drug problem - However, many people with alcohol and drug problems are significantly depressed, and are selfmedicating Physicians Awareness Training (Lester, 1998) 36 Other risk factors include: Previous suicide attempts A family history of suicide - increases our risk by 6 times A significant loss by death, divorce, separation, moving, or breaking up with a loved one. Shock or pain, even long term lower level stress, can affect the structure of the brain, especially the limbic system 30 years of research confirms the relationship between hopelessness and suicide, across diagnoses Impulsivity, particularly among youth, is increasingly linked to suicidal behavior Access to firearms – 60% of completed suicides used firearms (Surgeon General’s call to Action, 1999) Physicians Awareness Training 37 Biological factors: Biological changes are associated with both completed and attempted suicide Changes include abnormal functioning of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis, a major component of the way we adapt to stress Psychological factors: Changes in thinking (constricted thought) leading to the belief that suicide is the only answer; negative automatic thoughts that lead to sadness, hopelessness, loss of pleasure, inability to see a future, low self-esteem Suicidality, although clearly overlapping the symptoms of associated MH disorders, does not appear to respond to treatment in exactly the same way In some cases, depressive symptoms can be reduced by medication without a reduction in suicidal thinking Physicians Awareness Training 38 Protective Factors Stigma reduction programs, especially among youth, increase help-seeking behavior Resiliency and coping skills to reduce risk can be taught (Dialectical Behavioral Training) Spirituality improves defenses against suicidal thinking Social support – those with close relationships cope better with various stresses, including bereavement, job loss, and illness Social disapproval of suicide reduces rates *(Berman & Jobes, 1996; Beck, 1985; Rush et al, 1992, Surgeon General’s Call To Action, 1999) Physicians Awareness Training 39 Treatment Treatment of suicidality has improved dramatically in the last 20 years Evidence is clear that lithium treatment of bi-polar disorder significantly reduces suicide rates* A correlation has been noted between an increase in prescription rates for SSRI’s and a decline in suicide rates** (*Baldessarini, et.al, 1999, **NIMH, 2002) Physicians Awareness Training 40 However, medication alone is insufficient to reduce suicidal ideation Psychotherapy can reduce suicidality by helping people learn to interpret the stresses in their lives more effectively, reducing the level of stress hormones in the body Psychotherapy provides a necessary therapeutic relationship that reduces risk through increased hope and support Cognitive-behavioral approaches that include problem-solving training reduce suicidal ideation and attempts more effectively than other approaches Medication combined with psychotherapy is the current standard of care for clinical depression , (Beck, 1996 Quinnett, 2000, Macintosh, 1996) Physicians Awareness Training 41 SSRI’s And Suicide More Mythology? Media has sensationalized the idea that “Prozac” causes suicide in teens There is a very low risk that SSRI’s can induce suicidal agitation in a very few individuals Many teens on SSRI’s are, in fact already suicidal, and meds may not work well enough, or in time The FDA has recently banned the use of Paxil for depression in adolescents, but Prozac has been approved for use in teens Physicians Awareness Training 42 The American College of Neuropsychopharmacology's Task Force report from January 21, 2004, which reviewed all clinical trials, epidemiological studies and toxicology studies in autopsies did not find evidence for a link between SSRI's and increased risk of suicide in children and adolescents In a recent preliminary study of 49 adolescent suicides, researchers found that 24% had been prescribed antidepressants, but none had any trace of SSRI's in their system at the time of their death There is an increased risk of suicide in depressed individuals who do not take their medication; which is a factor common to adolescents A 2003 World Health Organization study in over fifteen countries found a significant reduction, averaging about 33%, in the youth suicide rate that coincided with the introduction of SSRI's (Altesman, 2005) Physicians Awareness Training 43 A review of all the research on this topic was conducted recently CONCLUSION: “No increased susceptibility to aggression or suicidality can be connected with fluoxetine or any other SSRI. In fact SSRI treatment may reduce aggression toward self or others” “In the absence of any convincing evidence to link SSRI’s causally to violence and suicide, the recent media reports are potentially dangerous, unnecessarily increasing the concerns of depressed patients who are prescribed antidepressants” (Goldberg, 2003) In November, Newsweek reported that prescriptions for SSRI’s for teens have dropped by 50% in 03 and 04 – suicide rates have climbed 18% in 03 Physicians Awareness Training 44 High Risk Behaviors and Suicide Miller and Taylor (2000) analyzed high risk behaviors in 9th-12th graders and found a correlation with suicide ideation and attempts High risk health behaviors included High Risk Sex (multiple partners, before age 14) Binge Drinking (5 or more in several hours) Drug Use Disturbed eating patterns (boys do not get asked about this) Smoking Violence (girls do not get asked about this) Physicians Awareness Training 45 The 17% of youth with more than three problem behaviors were the youth who acted They accounted for 60% of medically treated suicidal acts Compared to adolescents with zero problem behaviors, the odds of a medically treated suicide attempt were 2.3 times greater among respondents with one 8.8 with two 18.3 with three 30.8 with four 50.0 with five 227.3 with six A count of problem behaviors may offer a reliable way to identify suicide risk (Miller & Taylor, 2000) Physicians Awareness Training 46 Barriers To Treatment Fragmentation of services and cost of care are the most frequently cited barriers to treatment About 67% of people with significant mental disorders do not receive treatment Psychological autopsy studies reveal that less than 14% of completers were receiving adequate treatment, and fewer than 17% were being treated with psychiatric medications However, 50-70% had contact with health services in the weeks before their death Surgeon General’s Call To Action, 1999; Empfield, 2003 Physicians Awareness Training 47 Currently, no psychological test, clinical technique or biological marker is sensitive enough to accurately and consistently predict suicide Primary care has become a critical setting for detection of the two most common factors: depression and alcoholism* Depression is the second most common chronic disorder seen by PCP’s According to the AMA, a diagnostic interview for depression is comparable in sensitivity to laboratory tests commonly used in diagnosis, but currently, less than 50% of adults with diagnosable depression are accurately diagnosed by PCP’s* “Physicians are often reticent to talk with patients about suicide intent or ideation, and patients seldom spontaneously report it”** (*Surgeon General’s Call to Action, 1999; **Quinnett, 2000 ) Physicians Awareness Training 48 What Is Your County Doing? Suicide prevention coalitions have been developed over the past 3 years across the state with grants from Ohio Dept. of Mental Health In many counties, the Mental Health Board is spearheading this process, with help from all areas of the community, including health care providers, mental health professionals, suicide survivors, clergy, school personnel, human resource personnel, police/sheriff dept, health department, and many others Physicians Awareness Training 49 How Do We Know Suicide Prevention Coalitions Work? In 1996 the U.S. Air Force decided to mount an assault on it’s high suicide rate They targeted help-seeking behavior, stigma, and awareness After 5 years of a major collaborative effort within the service, suicide rates dropped 78% Comparable rates in the other 4 armed services remained the same Physicians Awareness Training 50 How Can You Help? Medical personnel are the front line of defense against this insidious killer - assess your patients for suicidal ideation when depressive symptoms arise Specifically ask your patients if they are experiencing suicidal ideation – They may not volunteer the information Train staff in depression awareness, and in asking the “S” question We must gain confidence in asking people if they are thinking about dying (Surgeon General’s Call To Action, 1999) Physicians Awareness Training 51 Comfort And Competence Lead To Hopefulness A study by Dr. Paul Quinett, a long-time researcher and clinician in suicide, indicates that patients who felt their clinician was comfortable asking questions about their suicidal thoughts and feelings reported much higher levels of hope about the future The best outcome of asking the “S” question is immediate relief for the patient (Quinnett, 2001) Physicians Awareness Training 52 Hopelessness is the most immediate risk factor for suicide, so instilling hope is essential If your patient is on anti-depressant or antianxiety medication, refer them to a psychologist or counselor who can work with them on the maintaining causes of depression Consider using a risk assessment format to ensure you ask the right questions Physicians Awareness Training 53 What To Ask? Except for psychiatrists, routine questioning about suicidal ideation is not the current standard of care If you have a patient with depressive symptoms or other mental health disorders (especially anxiety) Learn to Ask the “S” question Not – you aren’t thinking of suicide are you? But - Some people who experience the amount of pain you’re in think about killing themselves. Have you ever thought about it? (Lester, 1998) Physicians Awareness Training 54 Use Of A Structured Interview Many patients will not overtly acknowledge common symptoms of depression, focusing more on vague pain You may wish to develop or purchase a guided clinical interview for use with suicidal clients A structured form assesses current risk, sets up a management plan, and ensures that all the right questions are asked Most take just a few minutes to complete, and people are surprisingly honest Physicians Awareness Training 55 Screening Recommendations The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reviewed new evidence that patients fare best when medical professionals recognize the symptoms of depression and make sure they receive appropriate treatment The USPSTF issued new depression screening recommendations in May, 2002, asking PCP’s to routinely screen adult patients for depression Medical professionals should have systems in place to assure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and follow-up if patients are to benefit from screening The journal of AAFP offers the article “Screening for Depression across the Lifespan: A review of Measures of Use in Primary Care settings” to help medical professionals make appropriate choices of screening tool (Sharp and Lipsky, 2002) Physicians Awareness Training 56 Possible Depression Scales Beck Depression Inventory Children’s Depression Inventory CES-DC (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale) Edinburgh Post-Natal Depression Scale Geriatric Depression Scale QPRT - Question, Persuade, Refer or Treat -QPR Institute - www.qprinstitute.com Zung Depression Inventory Physicians Awareness Training 57 Learning “QPR” – Or, How To Ask The “S” Question It is essential, if we are to reduce the number of suicide deaths in our country, that community members/gatekeepers learn “QPR” First identified by Dr. Paul Quinnett as an analogue to CPR, “QPR” consists of Question – asking the “S” question Persuade– Getting the person to talk, and to seek help Refer – Getting the person to professional help Medical staff can learn this method in a very short time (Quinnett, 2000) Physicians Awareness Training 58 Intervention Once a patient has told someone they are thinking of suicide, you need a thorough suicide assessment In your area, what mental health facilities with emergency services are available? Sending a suicidal patient alone to the emergency room could be a mistake Most mental health agencies have crisis workers who can come to your office to interview your patient – suicidal people should never be left alone! Physicians Awareness Training 59 Psychiatric Hospitalization The actual prediction of suicide is, essentially, impossible The base rates are too low, and risk level changes from day to day Statistically, you could almost always bet that no given individual will complete suicide Other risks are managed by understanding what risk factors exist, and limiting as many of them as possible, like wearing sunscreen It is imperative that medical professionals know risk factors for suicide (MacIntosh, 1993) Physicians Awareness Training 60 The Top Ten Risk Factors When Thinking Of Hospitalization Previous Suicide attempt(s) Mental disorders (especially depression, bipolar) Co-occurring mental and AL/SA disorders Family history of suicide Hopelessness (should this be first?) Impulsive/aggressive tendencies Barriers to accessing mental health treatment Relational, social, work or financial loss physical illness (esp. with chronic pain) Easy access to lethal methods, especially guns (Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent Suicide, 1999) Physicians Awareness Training 61 Voluntary Hospitalization Best choice – less hard on the patient’s sense of self-worth – a way to buy time (to think it over, get sleep, etc.) Safety is the main message – a good night’s sleep, a start on medications, talk with doctors, put things on hold for awhile Allows them to save face – I didn’t want to, but they insisted… Physicians Awareness Training 62 Sharing Knowledge Of Hospitals Ease the transition by addressing their fears Facts: hospital stays tend to be short Staff are well-trained and know about suicidal suffering ECT cannot be given without patient permission Patients rights are guaranteed Modern hospitals are not snake pits Physicians Awareness Training 63 Know Your Local Resources And Agencies Where to hospitalize Who do you call Have your risk assessment information ready Help to overcome barriers to hospitalization such as child care, pets, transportation, calls to work, etc. Physicians Awareness Training 64 Local Professional Resources Your Local Mental Health Agencies Your Local Mental Health Board School Guidance Counselors Your Hospital Emergency Room Local Crisis Hotlines National Crisis Hotlines School nurses 911 Local Police/Sheriff Local Clergy Physicians Awareness Training 65 “Suicide is a permanent solution to a temporary problem” Edwin Schneidman, MD. Founder of Suicidology Physicians Awareness Training 66 The Ohio Suicide Prevention Foundation The Ohio State University, Center on Education and Training for Employment 1900 Kenny Road, Room 2072 Columbus, OH 43210 614-292-8585 Physicians Awareness Training 67 A Brief Bibliography Anderson, E. “The Personal and Professional Impact of Client Suicide on Mental Health Professionals. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, U. of Toledo, 1999 Berman, A. L. & Jobes, D. A. (1996) Adolescent Suicide: Assessment and Intervention. Blumenthal, S.J. & Kupfer, D.J. (Eds) (1990). Suicide Over the Life Cycle: Risk Factors, Assessment, and Treatment of Suicidal Patients. American Psychiatric Press. Empfield, Maureen MD( 2002) PSYCHIATRY FOR THE PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIAN – Section 2. URL Goldberg, I. SSRI’s and Suicide: Results of a MELINE Search. At: ttp://www.psycom.net/depression.central.ssri-suicide.html Jacobs, D., Ed. (1999). The Harvard Medical School Guide to Suicide Assessment and Interventions. Jossey-Bass. Physicians Awareness Training 68 Jamison, K.R., (1999). Night Falls Fast: Understanding Suicide. Alfred Knopf Lester, D. (1998). Making Sense of Suicide: An In-Depth Look at Why People Kill Themselves. American Psychiatric Press Oregon Health Department, Prevention. Notes on Depression and Suicide: ttp://www.dhs.state.or.us/publickhealth/ipe/depression/notes.cf m President’s New Freedom Council on Mental Health, 2003 Quinnett, P.G. (2000). Counseling Suicidal People. QPR Institute, Spokane, WA Shea, C., 2000. A Practical Interviewing Strategy for the Elicitation of Suicidal Ideation. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (supplement 20) 59: 58-72, 1998 Physicians Awareness Training 69 Smith, Range & Ulner. “Belief in Afterlife as a buffer in suicide and other bereavement.” Omega Journal of Death and Dying, 1991-92, (24)3; 217-225. Stoff, D.M. & Mann, J.J. (Eds.), (1997). The Neurobiology of Suicide. American Academy of Science Schneidman, E.S. (1996). The Suicidal Mind. Oxford University Press. Styron, W. (1992). Darkness Visible. Vintage Books Surgeon General’s Call to Action (1999). Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Public Health Service. Tang, T.Z. & De Rubeis, R.J. ((1999). “Sudden Gains and critical sessions in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67: 894-904. Physicians Awareness Training 70