Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Diffraction methods and electron microscopy FYS 4340 and FYS 9340 University of Oslo FYS4340 and FYS9340 • FYS4340 – Theory based on ”Transmission electron microscopy” by D. B. Williams and C.B. Carter – Part 1, 2 and standard imaging techniques (part 3) – Practical training on the TEM • FYS9340 – Theory same as FYS4340 + additional papers related to TEM and diffraction. – Teaching training. – Perform practical demonstrations on the TEM for the master students. Additional web resources • http://nanohub.org/resources/3777 – Eric Stach (2008), ”MSE 528 Lecture 4: The instrument, Part 1, http://nanohub.org/resources/3907 Members of the Structure Physics Group August, 2013 PhD students Permanent academic Clas Person, Professor Arne Olsen, Professor Anette E. Gunnæs, Ass. Prof. Øystein Prytz, Ass. Prof. Adjunct academic staff Sabrina Sartori, IFE Bjørn Hauback, IFE Vidar Hansen, UiS Ole Martin Løvvik, SINTEF Annett Thøgersen, SINTEF Girma Gardew Song Xin Martin Fleissner Sunding Fredrik Sydow Hage Per Harald Ninive, HiG Jørn Erik Olsen, IFE Technical Ole Bjørn Karlsen, senior Stefano Rubino, head David Wormald, senior Researchers Master students Helle Berg Bjørsom Andrey Kosinskiy Kenneth Kjeverud Strand Martin Normann Raluca Tofan Han Xi Roger Wold Kjetil Valset Espen Flage-Larsen, SINTEF Phuong Dan Nguyen Professor emeritus Johan Taftø Jon Gjønnes Tore Amundsen Permanent and adjunct scientific staff 2013 Experimental Synthesis Anette Theory Clas Annett SINTEF Sabrina IFE Ole Martin SINTEF Stefano Arne Øystein David Ole Bjørn Vidar UiS Bjørn IFE Halvleder fysikk FASE SINTEF Struktur Katalyse IFE UiS Industri Internationale samarbeids partnere Forskningsparken Funksjonelle energirelaterte materialer i Oslo. NORTEM The Norwegian Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy VISION OF NORTEM A world-class TEM centre providing access to expertise and state-ofthe-art infrastructure for fundamental and applied research within the physical sciences in Norway. LOOK XX XXXX LOOKED The NorTEM consortium Trondheim TEM Gemini Centre Department of Physics Department of Materials Science and Engineering SINTEF Synthesis and Properties Oslo Physics Department SMN NTNU SINTEF UiO NORTEM Financial investment Granted 58 MNOK from the NRC October 2011, the partners contribute with 25 MNOK own share. Budget Equipment incl. rebuilding: Running costs (next 5 years): Total 71 MNOK 12 MNOK 83 MNOK With in-kind contributions the project is 116 MNOK Trondheim Oslo NORTEM Instrumentation Level 1: State-of-the-art instrument Projects owned or planned by NORTEM research groups, include competence and technique development. External users will not generally operate these instruments. Level 2: Advanced instrument Operators with agreed needs get access after sufficient training and skills. Formalized training maintains quality and ensures effective use. Level 3: Standardized and routine TEM Many users require hands-on access to perform simple tasks, where analysis is routine or TEM is a minor activity in a project. Once a specific task is approved, users can be trained. NORTEM Instrumentation- level 1 and 2 Oslo-node TITAN G2 60-300 kV With probe corrector and monochromator JEM 2100F (trade in JEM 2010F) UHR pole piece New, latest generation GIF NORAN detector Holography Trondheim-node JEM ARM200F Cold FEG and double corrected JEM 2100F (trade in JEM 2010F) HR pole piece Moving GIF, US CCD, ASTAR, tomography and Oxford EDS from 2010F Imaging The importance of imaging: 1) Information transfer 2) Spatial relations 3) Relates to mental images Imaging A picture is worth a thousand words… What is this? xxxx are spring-blooming perennials that grow from bulbs. Depending on the species, xxxx plants can grow as short as 4 inches (10 cm) or as high as 28 inches (71 cm). The xxxx's large flowers usually bloom on scapes or subscapose stems that lack bracts. Most xxxx produce only one flower per stem, but a few species bear multiple flowers on their scapes (e.g. xxxx turkestanica). The showy, generally cup- or star-shaped xxxx flower has three petals and three sepals, which are often termed tepals because they are nearly identical. These six tepals are often marked near the bases with darker colorings. xxxx flowers come in a wide variety of colors, except pure blue (several xxxx with "blue" in the name have a faint violet hue). The flowers have six distinct, basifixed stamens with filaments shorter than the tepals. Each stigma of the flower has three distinct lobes, and the ovaries are superior, with three chambers. The xxxx fruit is a capsule with a leathery covering and an ellipsoid to subglobose shape. Each capsule contains numerous flat, disc-shaped seeds in two rows per chamber. These light to dark brown seeds have very thin seed coats and endosperm that does not normally fill the entire seed. xxxx stems have few leaves, with larger species tending to have multiple leaves. Plants typically have 2 to 6 leaves, with some species having up to 12. The xxxx leaf is strap-shaped, with a waxy coating, and leaves are alternately arranged on the stem. These fleshy blades are often bluish green in color. Retrieved from wikipedia on 12.03.12 Imaging Imaging is very important in research and in everyday’s life: How many households do not have a TV? Can you imagine an ID without a picture? How many papers are published without a figure? How many fields were born when new instruments could ”look” into new things? Microscopes, telescopes, CAT, NMR, infrared cameras, etc. Resolution Resolution: the size of the smallest object we can detect The problem with this definition: Atoms are too small to be detected by the naked eye. Matter is made of atoms. We cannot see matter. Resolution: the smallest distance between two objects so that we can detect them as separate Resolution of the human eye: ~2 mm at a distance of 6 m Limits: wavelenght, aberrations of lenses, S/N, stability lvisible: 400-700 nm l200keV: 2.5 pm Bohr radius: 53 pm Light Optical Microscope Scanning Electron Microscope In a Scanning Electron Microscope a very small electron beam is used to probe the sample and create an image pixel by pixel What determines the resolution? Yeast detector e- Bone Some regions interact more than others with the electron beam and produce a stronger signal (brighter) 19 Transmission Electron Microscope Gun TiN coating Au nanoparticle EM lens 20 Transmission Electron Microscope Electron-matter interactions E0=100~400 keV Energy levels Density of States (DoS) E Continuum (vacuum) n, l, (j=l+s) 0 Empty states E0F Valence/conduction band { 3d { M shell (18) L shell (8) K shell (2) 3p { 3s { 2p { L2,3 2s L1 1s KAB Ka2 Ka1 K Stability Air pressure variations (from air conditioning, acoustics): < 5 Pa Room temperature fluctuations: <0.1°C/30min and <0.05 °C/min The Titan room today The NorTEM Blog http://www.mn.uio.no/fysikk/english/research/groups/structure/blog-and-news/