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David Chaffee
Kyle Rucker
Michael Cook
Delaun Smith
Ashley Hihath
Samuel Spence
Spencer Oldemeyer
Client: Kerri Vierling
Advisors: Jay McCormick
Tom Hess
Mentor: Brandy Holmes
1
Overview
• Monitoring the use of tree habitats is
important
•Presently, necessary tools used to remotely
monitor these habitats during the fall/winter
months do not exist
•Development of a triggered-based cavity
camera system will eliminate quiet periods
where no animal activity occurs while
facilitating data analysis
2
Opportunity Statement
Develop instrumentation to monitor the use of tree
cavities by small animals during fall/winter months.
The ideal instrumentation would be a camera that:
1) takes pictures in low light conditions
2) is continually powered
3) can function during extreme weather conditions
4) has high image storage capabilities
5) is self-triggered by animal presence
6) does not disrupt the wildlife
7) is camouflaged from predators and humans
3
Needs and Specifications
General Requirements
Record Occupancy
Specific Requirements
Acceptable Performance
Photographic Evidence
Trigger
Species ID possible >90%
Animal missed <20%
False positive <20%
Long Operation Time
Harsh Environments
Installation
Camoflague
4 mo. solar & battery power
Works 70% of timeframe
Storage for all photos
4 month data capacity
Operation in cold climate
Works > -20° F
Operates in wet climate
Withstands rain and snow
Weight of any one module
Deployable by ATV
Size (Camera Module)
diameter <2" - Length <8"
Battery not seen
Wires obfuscated
Not Noticeable at >10'
Wires >1' from entrance
Size >20 GA
Temperature
Internal
Wildlife undisturbed
Heat dissipation from electronics
Less than 1-2 °C
4
Alternative
Camera
Placement
Inside Camera
Pro
Outside Camera
Con
Protected from the
elements
External battery
Less conspicuous
Animal interference
Consistent imaging
environment
Size
Trigger can be close
Wires
Alter the dwelling
Camouflaging the
power source
Pro
Limited size
constraints
Con
Complicated triggering
Variable Imaging
conditions
Easy to install
Easy transition from
artificial to natural
cavity
Optics expense
Easily
Transported/Installed Extensive Camouflage
Human interference
5
Camera Type
Camera
Resolution Power Usage Supply Voltage Interface
Output
CAM3908
352 x 288
45 mW @ 15
fps
C329-7640
CA-84/C (IR
CCD)
640 x 480
180 mW
3.3 V
UART
UYVY
JPEG, VGA,
QVGA, CIF
500 x 500
12 V
RCA Signal
BW TV
TCM8230MD
640 x 480
1.7 W
53 mW@ 15
fps
2.8, 2.5, 1.5 V
Digital 8 bits
YUV, RGB
TCM8240MD
1300 x 1024
225 mW
(JPEG)
2.8, 2.5, 1.6 V
LI-3M02CM
2048 x 1536
400 mW
2.8, 1.8 V
Digital 8 bits YUV, RGB, JPEG
Digital 24
bits
YUV
2.8 V
Digital 8 bits
6
Microprocessor
Type
Speed
MAXQ2000
20 MHz
MSP430
8 MHz
LPC2131/32/34/
36/38 (ARM7)
60 MHz
Rabbit 3000
55 MHz
ARM thrumb
(AT91/ARM7)
20 MHz
Flash Memory RAM Memory Power Usage I/O Pins
32 k words (16bit 1k words (16)bit 23.1 mW @ 1
words)
words
MHz
256b (16bit 23.1 mW @ 1
4kb (16bit words)
words)
MHz
512kB (16/32bit
words)
1 MB shared
data/code
32kB
50
14
32kB (16/32bit
47 GPIO +
words)
50-200 mW
ADCs
1 MB shared
data/code
6 mW / 1 MHz
56
8kB (16/32bit
words)
5-2 mW / 1
MHz
58
7
Sensors
Type
Image Analysis
IR Reflection
Photo Resistor
Audio Analysis
Advantages
Disadvantages
Adaptive, No extra Power/Computationally
parts
expensive
Simple to implement, Power requirements,
Small size, Inexpensive
Heat produced
Dependent on visible
Small size, Inexpensive
light conditions
Computationally
Adaptive
expensive
Ultrasonic Distance
Simple interface
IR Laser Tripwire
Simple interface
Combination
Increased accuracy
and reliability
Sensing limitations
Visible subject
Subject must reflect
appreciable IR light
Day time only
Subject must make
recognizable sound
Sensor must be 10 or
Size of module, Power more cm from opposite
requirements, Expensive
interior wall
Requires modification of
Subject must break
cavity
emitted beam
Compounded power
disadvantages
Reduced Sensing
limitations
8
Battery
Type
Construction Charge
Power
Loss
Power
Density
Weight
Longevity
Li-ion
Li-ion cells
Li-poly
Li-poly cell
Constant
Current
Constant
Current
Lead Acid
AGM
≥14V
More
Moderate
Heavy
~500 cycles
Lead Acid
SLA
≥14V
Most
Lowest
Heavy
~300 cycles
Some
Good
Light
~1000 cycles
Minimal
Best
Light
~1000 cycles
9
Solar Panel
Testing
Testing carried out on EP roof
from 11/13 – 11/16
5W rated panel
10
Power (mW) 11/14/09 Detail (9:30AM - 3:13PM)
6000
5000
Power (1000 mW = 1 W)
4000
3000
Power (mW)
2000
1000
0
7750
8250
8750
9250
9750
Time (360 units = 1 hour)
11
Power (mW) 11/15/09
6:40AM - 4:14PM
300
250
Power (mW)
200
150
Power (mW)
100
50
0
15361
15861
16361
16861
17361
17861
18361
Time (360 units = 1 hour)
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Power is generated at the solar panels
The charge controller converts this energy
into the proper voltages and currents
needed to charge the battery
The battery stores the electrical energy for
use when the solar panels are unable to
produce enough energy
The voltage converter changes the 12 VDC
battery voltage to the 5 VDC voltage the
microprocessor uses
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The CD Technology
#35004.
 Designed for high
efficiency solar systems.
 Prevents damage to the
battery from
overcharging
 Provides exact voltages
and currents needed to
minimize battery
degradation
14
The Sun Xtender PVX420T
 Designed specifically for
solar applications.
 Freeze resistant and Spill
proof.
 Can power the system
for up to 12 days from a
full charge.
15
The Linear Technology
LT3751 DC-DC Converter
 Can handle Charger
Voltages of up to 24 Volts
 Easily interfaces with the
microcontroller to convert
to the proper output
voltage
16



Average Power Usage Rate of 400 mW
Daily Total Energy of 1.509 x 105 Joules
Total Energy in Amp-Hours: 3.493 Ah
17
Casing
The casing shown has a diameter of
1.5 inches.
The final dimensions of this
device will depend on
component size and layout.
18
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Recommended Design
• Camera system will be placed inside the tree
cavity
• Battery camouflaged at the base of the tree
• Solar panel mounted on the tree
Component
Type
Camera
TCM8240MD
Microprocessor
ARM7 LPC213X family
Sensor
Combination image
processing, IR trip wire,
IR distance
Battery
Sun Xtender PVX-2580L
Solar Panel
3 x 5W panel
Casing
Custom Aluminum
Data Transmission
Cell/satellite phone
20
Cost Analysis
Component
Cost
Camera
$10
Microprocessor
$15/chip
Sensor
$20
Solar Panel 5W
$50/unit
Casing
$20
Battery
$250
Voltage Converter
$5
Development Platform
(one time expense)
$150
Charge Controller
$50
Printed circuit board
$100
Battery casing
$200
Misc. (cables, panel mount,
installation)
$100
TOTAL $970
21
Potential Problems
• Solar panel
-not charging the battery during extended periods of bad
weather
-debris accumulation
• Overheating components
• Disrupting animal habitat
- Heat
- IR
• False positives/missed subjects
• Weatherproofing
22
Future Plans
By the end of this semester:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Complete solar panel experiments
IR distance sensor testing
Temperature modeling
Software outline
Image selection algorithm
Project Report by (12/11/09)
Next Semester:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sensor Prototyping
Camera prototyping
PCB design
Software writing and testing
Manufacture camera casing
Integrate systems
Mounting configuration/installation
Finalize design
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