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David Chaffee Kyle Rucker Michael Cook Delaun Smith Ashley Hihath Samuel Spence Spencer Oldemeyer Client: Kerri Vierling Advisors: Jay McCormick Tom Hess Mentor: Brandy Holmes 1 Overview • Monitoring the use of tree habitats is important •Presently, necessary tools used to remotely monitor these habitats during the fall/winter months do not exist •Development of a triggered-based cavity camera system will eliminate quiet periods where no animal activity occurs while facilitating data analysis 2 Opportunity Statement Develop instrumentation to monitor the use of tree cavities by small animals during fall/winter months. The ideal instrumentation would be a camera that: 1) takes pictures in low light conditions 2) is continually powered 3) can function during extreme weather conditions 4) has high image storage capabilities 5) is self-triggered by animal presence 6) does not disrupt the wildlife 7) is camouflaged from predators and humans 3 Needs and Specifications General Requirements Record Occupancy Specific Requirements Acceptable Performance Photographic Evidence Trigger Species ID possible >90% Animal missed <20% False positive <20% Long Operation Time Harsh Environments Installation Camoflague 4 mo. solar & battery power Works 70% of timeframe Storage for all photos 4 month data capacity Operation in cold climate Works > -20° F Operates in wet climate Withstands rain and snow Weight of any one module Deployable by ATV Size (Camera Module) diameter <2" - Length <8" Battery not seen Wires obfuscated Not Noticeable at >10' Wires >1' from entrance Size >20 GA Temperature Internal Wildlife undisturbed Heat dissipation from electronics Less than 1-2 °C 4 Alternative Camera Placement Inside Camera Pro Outside Camera Con Protected from the elements External battery Less conspicuous Animal interference Consistent imaging environment Size Trigger can be close Wires Alter the dwelling Camouflaging the power source Pro Limited size constraints Con Complicated triggering Variable Imaging conditions Easy to install Easy transition from artificial to natural cavity Optics expense Easily Transported/Installed Extensive Camouflage Human interference 5 Camera Type Camera Resolution Power Usage Supply Voltage Interface Output CAM3908 352 x 288 45 mW @ 15 fps C329-7640 CA-84/C (IR CCD) 640 x 480 180 mW 3.3 V UART UYVY JPEG, VGA, QVGA, CIF 500 x 500 12 V RCA Signal BW TV TCM8230MD 640 x 480 1.7 W 53 mW@ 15 fps 2.8, 2.5, 1.5 V Digital 8 bits YUV, RGB TCM8240MD 1300 x 1024 225 mW (JPEG) 2.8, 2.5, 1.6 V LI-3M02CM 2048 x 1536 400 mW 2.8, 1.8 V Digital 8 bits YUV, RGB, JPEG Digital 24 bits YUV 2.8 V Digital 8 bits 6 Microprocessor Type Speed MAXQ2000 20 MHz MSP430 8 MHz LPC2131/32/34/ 36/38 (ARM7) 60 MHz Rabbit 3000 55 MHz ARM thrumb (AT91/ARM7) 20 MHz Flash Memory RAM Memory Power Usage I/O Pins 32 k words (16bit 1k words (16)bit 23.1 mW @ 1 words) words MHz 256b (16bit 23.1 mW @ 1 4kb (16bit words) words) MHz 512kB (16/32bit words) 1 MB shared data/code 32kB 50 14 32kB (16/32bit 47 GPIO + words) 50-200 mW ADCs 1 MB shared data/code 6 mW / 1 MHz 56 8kB (16/32bit words) 5-2 mW / 1 MHz 58 7 Sensors Type Image Analysis IR Reflection Photo Resistor Audio Analysis Advantages Disadvantages Adaptive, No extra Power/Computationally parts expensive Simple to implement, Power requirements, Small size, Inexpensive Heat produced Dependent on visible Small size, Inexpensive light conditions Computationally Adaptive expensive Ultrasonic Distance Simple interface IR Laser Tripwire Simple interface Combination Increased accuracy and reliability Sensing limitations Visible subject Subject must reflect appreciable IR light Day time only Subject must make recognizable sound Sensor must be 10 or Size of module, Power more cm from opposite requirements, Expensive interior wall Requires modification of Subject must break cavity emitted beam Compounded power disadvantages Reduced Sensing limitations 8 Battery Type Construction Charge Power Loss Power Density Weight Longevity Li-ion Li-ion cells Li-poly Li-poly cell Constant Current Constant Current Lead Acid AGM ≥14V More Moderate Heavy ~500 cycles Lead Acid SLA ≥14V Most Lowest Heavy ~300 cycles Some Good Light ~1000 cycles Minimal Best Light ~1000 cycles 9 Solar Panel Testing Testing carried out on EP roof from 11/13 – 11/16 5W rated panel 10 Power (mW) 11/14/09 Detail (9:30AM - 3:13PM) 6000 5000 Power (1000 mW = 1 W) 4000 3000 Power (mW) 2000 1000 0 7750 8250 8750 9250 9750 Time (360 units = 1 hour) 11 Power (mW) 11/15/09 6:40AM - 4:14PM 300 250 Power (mW) 200 150 Power (mW) 100 50 0 15361 15861 16361 16861 17361 17861 18361 Time (360 units = 1 hour) 12 1. 2. 3. 4. Power is generated at the solar panels The charge controller converts this energy into the proper voltages and currents needed to charge the battery The battery stores the electrical energy for use when the solar panels are unable to produce enough energy The voltage converter changes the 12 VDC battery voltage to the 5 VDC voltage the microprocessor uses 13 The CD Technology #35004. Designed for high efficiency solar systems. Prevents damage to the battery from overcharging Provides exact voltages and currents needed to minimize battery degradation 14 The Sun Xtender PVX420T Designed specifically for solar applications. Freeze resistant and Spill proof. Can power the system for up to 12 days from a full charge. 15 The Linear Technology LT3751 DC-DC Converter Can handle Charger Voltages of up to 24 Volts Easily interfaces with the microcontroller to convert to the proper output voltage 16 Average Power Usage Rate of 400 mW Daily Total Energy of 1.509 x 105 Joules Total Energy in Amp-Hours: 3.493 Ah 17 Casing The casing shown has a diameter of 1.5 inches. The final dimensions of this device will depend on component size and layout. 18 19 Recommended Design • Camera system will be placed inside the tree cavity • Battery camouflaged at the base of the tree • Solar panel mounted on the tree Component Type Camera TCM8240MD Microprocessor ARM7 LPC213X family Sensor Combination image processing, IR trip wire, IR distance Battery Sun Xtender PVX-2580L Solar Panel 3 x 5W panel Casing Custom Aluminum Data Transmission Cell/satellite phone 20 Cost Analysis Component Cost Camera $10 Microprocessor $15/chip Sensor $20 Solar Panel 5W $50/unit Casing $20 Battery $250 Voltage Converter $5 Development Platform (one time expense) $150 Charge Controller $50 Printed circuit board $100 Battery casing $200 Misc. (cables, panel mount, installation) $100 TOTAL $970 21 Potential Problems • Solar panel -not charging the battery during extended periods of bad weather -debris accumulation • Overheating components • Disrupting animal habitat - Heat - IR • False positives/missed subjects • Weatherproofing 22 Future Plans By the end of this semester: • • • • • • Complete solar panel experiments IR distance sensor testing Temperature modeling Software outline Image selection algorithm Project Report by (12/11/09) Next Semester: • • • • • • • • Sensor Prototyping Camera prototyping PCB design Software writing and testing Manufacture camera casing Integrate systems Mounting configuration/installation Finalize design 23