Download Document

You must be knowing about Digital
Integrated Circuits (ICs) right ? For example
7404: Hex Inverter
7408: Quad 2-input AND gate
7410: Triple 3-input NAND Gate
7432: Quad 2-input OR Gate


a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
? Suppose you wish to make a circuit to
ON/OFF your room light automatically
depending on the intensity of light in your
room.
What items are required….
Light intensity sensor (LDR).
A comparator (a circuit of Opamp).
Reference voltage.
Digital gates.
And lots of calibration will be required.
This circuit is going to be quite complicated .
? What if , I say you have to completely
automate your home…only by using discrete
circuits (??????).
Here comes the role of
Microcontroller/Microprocessor.
Just by writing few lines of code you can do all the
stuffs asked earlier.




An embedded system is a computer system
with a dedicated function .
Embedded systems contain processing cores
that are either microcontrollers, or digital
signal processors (DSP).
Examples - Watches, DVD player, Air
conditioner, Washing Machine , Video games,
Mobile phones etc.


It is an integrated circuit with certain no of
pins that you can make any pin as output or
input. Also you can change the function of
that pin by programming the IC using your
computer .
That’s what the most basic function of a
microcontroller is. It has set of pins called as
PORT and you can make any pin either as
output or input.


After configuring pins you can program it to
perform according to any function table you
want.
You can change the configuration or the
function table as many times as you wants.
(Flexible)





There are many Semiconductor Companies
which manufactures microcontrollers. Some
of them are
Intel
Atmel (Atmega series)
Microchip
Motorola
ATMEGA 32/16
 Few of the imp features of ATMEGA 32/16
are..
 32 Programmable I/O Lines.
 32K/16K Bytes of In-System SelfProgrammable Flash Memory.
 8-channel, 10-bit ADC .
Code vision AVR.
 Atmel studio.
 Eclipse.
 Proteus (Simulator).
Here we will be using code vision AVR for
programming.

DDRX – Data direction register
 PORTX – Port X data register.
 PINX –
Data read register.
If a pin is set to be input, then by setting its
corresponding bit in PORTX register will make it
as follows,
 Set bit 0 ---> Tri-Stated
 Set bit 1 ---> Pull Up
 Delay.h , delay_ms(value);







lcd_clear()
lcd_gotoxy(x,y)
lcd_putchar(char c) lcd_putchar(‘H’)
lcd_putsf(constant string) lcd_putsf(“MNNIT”)
lcd_puts(char arr)
itoa(int val, char arr[])



Write a program to glow a LED using Atmega
32.
Now blink the LED with 100ms delay.
Make a Pattern.
? Print “Hello”.
 ? Blink “Hello” pattern.
 ? Print “Hello Friends
Welcome to
Embedded Class”
? Print Moving Name.




What is ADC ?
Reading ADC PORT.
Control some functions based on ADC.





If a pin is set to be input, then by setting its
corresponding bit in PORTX register will make it
as follows,
Set bit 0 ---> Tri-Stated
Set bit 1 ---> Pull Up
Tristated means the input will hang (no specific
value) if no input voltage is specified on that pin.
Pull Up means input will go to +5V if no input
voltage is given on that pin. It is basically
connecting PIN to +5V through a 10K Ohm
resistance.

How it looks like



1 ) print name.
2 ) print pictures.
3 ) make animation.