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The Appendicular Skeleton The Appendicular Skeleton THE UPPER EXTREMITY The Upper Extremity • Bones of the shoulder girdle – Clavicle and scapula • Upper arm – Humerus • Lower arm – Radius – Ulna • Wrist – Carpal bones • Hand – Metacarpals – Phalanges Shoulder Girdle • Only forms one joint with the axial skeleton • Clavicle – Sternoclavicular joint • Where the sternum meets the clavicle Shoulder Girdle • Scapula – Shoulder blade – 3 borders • Superior (top) • Vertebral (by the spine) • Axillary (side near the armpit) – Spine • Ridge along the posterior portion of the bone – Acromion process • Articulates with clavicle • Process that is located at the end of the spine – Coracoid process • Projection on the anterior portion of the scapula • Only 2 major projections Shoulder Injuries • Separated shoulder - AC joint separation • Broken clavicle Humerus • Long bone that makes up the upper arm • Upper end (epiphysis) – Head • Smooth rounded end that fits into glenoid fossa – Anatomical neck • Groove immediately inferior to the head – Greater and lesser tubercles • Greater is lateral to the head • Lesser is inferior (below) the greater – Intertubercular groove • Groove b/t greater and lesser tubercles – Surgical neck • Region below the tubercles that leads to the diaphysis • Common to fracture Humerus • Middle (diaphysis) – Deltoid tuberosity • Protuberance midway down shaft • Deltoid attaches here – Radial groove • Groove moving inferiorly for radial nerve Humerus • End (epiphysis) – Eipicondyles • Medial and lateral projections – Medial is larger of the two – Capitulum • Rounded head below the lateral epicondyle – Radius attaches – Trochlea • Appears similar to a pully • Deep depression in the epiphysis • Articulates with the ulna – Olecranon fossa • Depression on the posterior survace • Olecranon process forms elbow here – Coronoid fossa • Depression on the anterior portion Forearm • Radius – Thumb side – Head • Proximal end • Articulates with the capitulum – Radial tuberosity • Projection just below the head – Styloid process • Located on the lateral, distal end of the bone Forearm • Ulna – Pinky side – Longer than radius – Olecranon process • Elbow – Coronoid process • Opposite side of elbow – Semilunar notch • Depression that articulates with the trochlea – Styloid process • Distal end – Head • Distal end Left Arm Wrist • 8 bones – 2 rows – Proximal row • • • • Pisiform Triquetrum Lunate Scapate – Distal row • • • • Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium Hand • Metacarpals – “Middle” bones of the hand – Distal end makes up the knuckles – Numbered 1 – 5 • Phalanges – Smaller bones that make up the fingers – Separated into proximal, middle, and distal (finger tip) The Appendicular Skeleton THE LOWER EXTREMITY The Lower Extremity • Hip – Coxal bones (pelvis) • Thigh – femur • Lower leg – Tibia – Fibula • Foot – Tarsal bones – Metatarsals – Phalanges Coxal Bones • Pelvic girdle – Combination of the sacrum and the coxal bones bound together by ligaments – Supports the trunk of the body and allows for leg attachment • Coxal bones – Each bone is made up of 3 fused bones • Illium • Ischium • Pubis • Ilium – Most superior – Largest – Palpable • Ischium – Strongest – Most inferior • Pubus – Anterior to the ischium Coxal Bones • Horizontally divided into 2 parts – Pelvic inlet • a.k.a. pelvic brim • Above the inlet – False pelvis • Runs from the tip of the ilium to the pelvic inlet • Below the inlet – True pelvis • Boundary of the pelvic outlet • Pubic symphysis – Where the coxal bones meet Thigh Bones • Femur – Upper end (epiphysis) • Head • Greater/lesser trochanter – Middle portion (diaphysis) • Linea apera • Supracondylar ridges Thigh Bones • Distal end (epiphysis) – Lateral/medial condyles – Lateral/medial epicondyles – Adductor tubercle – Trochlea – Intercondyloid fossa • notch Patella • Largest sesamoid bone in the body • Knee cap • Imbedded in the tendon from your quadrceps Tibia • Shin bone • Lateral/medial condyles – Upper end of bone – Concave surface to articulate w/ femur • Intercondylar eminence – Spine between condyles – Attachment for ACL and PCL • Crest – Sharp ridge on the anterior – Part of the shin you can feel Tibia • Tibial tuberosity – Protuberance just below condyles – Palpable below the knee • ½ “Ankle” – Medial maleolus • Palpable on the inside of the ankle Fibula • Smaller than tibia • Deeper of the two bones – Always on the outside of the lower leg • Proximal end articulates with the tibia – @ lateral condyle – Creates part of the knee joint • Distal end (other ½ of the “ankle” – Articulates with the tibia – Lateral malleolus Foot • Constructed similar to the hand – Adapted to support weight • Two way arch construction – Longitudinal arch • Medial/lateral longitudinal arches – Transverse arch • Metatarsals & the distal row of tarsals Foot • Flat foot (fallen arches) – Ligaments and muscles hold bones in place – Keeps the arch intact – Foot, knee, eventually back • Very small number of individuals have a true “flat foot” – Usually over-pronation • High arch – Charcot Marie Tooth disorder (CMT) Foot Bones • Tarsal Bones – Talus • Articulates w/ the tibia – Calcaneus • Heel – Navicular • Distal row – Cuniform bones • 1-3 starting at 1st metatarsal – Cuboid • Metatarsals – 1-5 (big toe out) • Phalanges (1-5) – Proximal – Middle* – Distal 3 2 1