Download Hub-date 1968

Hub-date 1968
And Cold War events and society (1948-1975)
Uprisings
Isaac Gluck
Cold War Events
Michael Smallberg
Cold War Era Society
Donald Darma
1968: A Year of Uprisings
In 1968, various uprisings took place
throughout the world mostly by young
individuals who sought to challenge the
economic, political, and social ideas of the
time.
Paris, the United States, and Czechoslovakia
witnessed these uprisings in 1968.
The Paris Uprising
• The May Events
– On May 2, 1968, the administration at the University of Paris at
Nanterre shut down the school after months of conflicts between
students and authorities.
– The following day, students form Sorbonne University met to protest
the closure of the school.
– Following the outbreak of the protest, the Sorbonne administration
called the police who then surrounded the university and began
arresting students who tried leaving campus.
– As the students attempted to stop the police vans from taking away
the arrested students, the riot police began to throw tear gas into the
crowd. The tear gas only brought more students to the scene.
• The May Events Continued
– On May 6, the UNEF(the national student union) and the union of
university teachers called for a march to protest the police invasion at
Sorbonne University.
– Over 20,000 people marched towards Sorbonne. The police charged as
the marchers approached the university.
– On May 7, students, teachers, and many young workers gathered at
the Arc de Triomphe with three demands:
1) Re-Open Sorbonne University
2) Withdraw the police
3) Release those arrested
• May Events Continued
– On May 10, another group of about 30,000 students gathered on the
Left Bank. They began to put up barricades as they failed to cross the
river.
– The police then began to attack, causing hundreds of arrests and
injuries.
– A one day strike and demonstration was called for on May 13. Over a
million people marched through Paris on this day. Prime Minister
Georges Pompidou then announced the release of the prisoners and
the reopening of Sorbonne University. The strikes, however, did not
begin to fade.
May Events Continued
•On May 10, another group of
about 30,000 students gathered
on the Left Bank. They began to
put up barricades as they failed
to cross the river.
•The police then began to attack,
causing hundreds of arrests and
injuries.
•A one day strike and
demonstration was called for on
May 13. Over a million people
marched through Paris on this
day. Prime Minister Georges
Pompidou then announced the
release of the prisoners and the
reopening of Sorbonne
University. The strikes, however,
did not begin to fade.
•By the end of May, ten million
people would be on strike.
Czechoslovakia in 1968
• Russian Invasion
– In 1968, while under Alexander Dubcek (1921-1992), Czechoslovakia
began to experiment with a more liberal communism.
– Dubcek allowed freedom of discussion and other intellectual rights.
– During the summer of 1968, the Soviet Union’s government and its
allies from the Warsaw Pact sent troops into Czechoslovakia. They
then replaced Dubcek with communist leaders who they favored.
– This invasion was the beginning of the end for the Czechoslovakia
reform movement known as the Prague Spring.
– The invasion of Czechoslovakia showed that any attempt at
liberalization would most likely cause Soviet military repression.
Uprisings in the United States
• Student Protests
– On April 23, 1968, Columbia University students began a nonviolent
occupation of campus buildings that lasted nearly a week.
– Students and community supporters called for the university to cut its
ties to research for the war in Vietnam and to end construction of a
gym in Morningside Park.
– Some students tore down a fence around the gymnasium construction
site and battled with police at Morningside Park. Then the protesters
marched into Hamilton Hall, occupied its lobby, and prevented the
dean of the college from leaving his office.
– After negotiations failed, the police were sent in by the administration
in order to restore order. The police injured many protesters and
arrested about 700 of them.
• Student Protests Continued
– Although the building occupation was over, the protest was just
beginning. Thousands of faculty and students went on strike, shutting
down the university for the rest of the semester.
– After the Columbia protest, campuses around the world began to
protest as well.
Other Uprisings Throughout Europe
• After youth protests erupted in Belgrade on the night of July 2, 1968,
students from Belgrade University entered a seven-day strike. Police beat
the students and banned all public gatherings. Students then gathered at
the Faculty of Philosophy, held debates and speeches on the social justice,
and handed out copies of the banned magazine Student. These students
also protested against economic reforms that led to high unemployment
and forced workers to leave the country and find work elsewhere.
• In Poland in March 1968, student demonstrations at Warsaw University
broke out when the government banned the performance of a play by
Adam Mickiewicz at the Polish Theatre in Warsaw because it contained
"anti-Soviet references".
Major Events of the Cold War/Cold War Era
(1948-1975)
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Divided Germany/Europe
Israel
Algeria
French Involvement in Vietnam
Korean War
Cuba
Vietnam War
United States and Russia
Divided Germany/ Europe
• 1945 Potsdam conference splits Germany into four
• 1947 Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan of military and
economic aid to contain communism.
• 1948-1949 Berlin blockade and airlift, Stalin overextends reach
• 1949 Federal Republic of Germany, BRD, (West) and German
Democratic Republic, DDR, (East) formed
• Treaty of Brussels, link Benelux countries with France and
Britain, Canada, BRD, and United States join, make North
Atlantic Treaty Organization in Western Europe (1949)
• Soviets make Warsaw Pact (1955), DDR and Eastern Europe.
• 1961 To step emigration to Western Europe, the Soviets make the
Berlin Wall, keeping Easterners in.
• Austria remains independent and neutral from either side.
• 1968 Brezhnev Doctrine of military intervention in Eastern Bloc
Israel and the Middle East (1948-1973)
• Preconditions: Holocaust makes refuge problem for European
Jews and makes people sympathetic to Zionism.
• Who: Israel vs. its neighbors (Egypt, Jordan, Syria, etc.)
• Why: Muslims resented displacement from Jews
• What: War of Independence 1948, Israel secures itself.
1956 Sinai War, Israel, Britain, France fail to capture Suez Canal
US/USSR force pullback, show who control the world.
1967 Six Day War, Israel captures Sinai, Golan Heights, West Bank
1968-1970 War of Attrition, minor armed conflict, no border change
1973 Yom Kippur War, initial losses, tide turns, no border change
• Effects: Arab nations still resentful of Israel, conflicts still occur
US backed/backs Israel, USSR backed Arabs to counter US
Algerian Independence (1945-1962)
• Preconditions: French capture Algeria in 1830, colonial copy
of France, 1918 20% of people pieds noirs, French in control
• Who: French Fourth Republic vs. National Liberation Front
• Why: Algerians second class citizens, limited voting rights
• What: May 1945 deadly fights in Setif; French Bloody Sunday
1947 French reforms for Muslims, limited, ineffective
1954 FLN starts guerilla combat, civil war grips Algeria
July 3, 1962 independence granted to Algeria
• Effects: War split French population; OAS coup, fails to
extend war, attempts of Charles de Gaulle’s life
Thousands of Muslims flee to France, others killed
Vietnamese Independence (1945-1954)
• Preconditions: French captured Vietnam by 1893. 1930 Ho Chi
Minh turns communist, 1940’s fights off Japanese and Vichy
• Who: French vs. Viet Minh (nationalist and communist group)
• Why: French shamed after Algeria, Vietnamese want independence
• What: September 1945 Minh declares independence, 1947 war
1949 US supports French to stem communism after China’s
Communist Revolution, and to gain French NATO support
1954 French loose battle of Dien Bien Phu, withdraw
1956 unification election fails, Vietnam split, on 17th parallel
• Effects:1954 US makes SEATO, support Ngo Dinh Diem
1960 National Liberation Front committed to overthrowing Diem,
armed wing Viet Cong
Korean War (1950-1953)
• Preconditions: Between 1910-1945 the Japanese occupied Korea,
by 1948 the country was split along the 38th parallel
• Who: UN (mainly US), South Korea vs. North, China, USSR
• Why: The US wanted to contain the communist North Korea
• What: 1950 North Korea invades the South, US then UN intervene
September 1950, UN counterattacks, push Koreans up to China
November 1950, Chinese send forces to push UN back
June 1953 Armistice, war essentially (but not technically) ends
• Effects: US views containment as viable policy
Soviet indirectly helped North with money, advisors, and weapons
Two Koreas, with tensions that still exist
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
• Preconditions: 1957 Fidel Castro overthrows Flugencio Batista
and establishes Communist government; 1961 Failed Bay of
Pigs invasion, reconnaissance flights over Cuba
• Who: United States vs. Cuba and Soviet Union
• What: October 14 a U-2 spots missile equipment in Cuba
October 22 US Navy blockades Cuba, an act of war, technically
October 25 US shows pictures of missile sites to UN, DEFCON 2
declared, putting US nuclear armed bases on 15 minute alert
October 26 negotiation begins, 28th crisis over,
• Effects: Missiles withdrawn from Cuba by USSR and Turkey
and Italy by US, surface weapons testing banned
Closest to nuclear war in history (DEFCON 1 highest alert level)
US generals disappointed over lack of ground invasion
Cuban-Soviet relations frayed, Castro feels betrayed
Vietnam War (1964-1973)
• Preconditions: After the French left, the United States provided
minor military support to South Vietnam, in a “police action”
• Who: US, South Vietnam vs. North Vietnam and the Vietcong
• Why: The Domino Theory called for containment
• What: 1964 the Gulf on Tonkin “incident” lead to escalation
1965 Ground war begins with Marines deployed to protect the USAF
1965-1968 Operation Rolling Thunder, sustained bombing of Vietnam
1968 Tết Offensive, tactical victory, but strategic loss for US
1969-1970 Operation Menu, secret bombing of Laos and Cambodia
1969-1975 Vietnamization, turning security over to Vietnamese forces
1973 Paris Peace Accords, US withdraws from Vietnam
• Effects : April 30, 1975 fall of Saigon to Communist forces
US looses prestige, government looses public support, first defeat
“Domino Theory” holds true, Communists kill millions in Cambodia
Vietnamese suffer, “re-educated”, millions of “Boat People” flee
The United States and Soviet Union
Arms races: 1951 First American Thermonuclear bomb, Soviet 1953
1957 First Soviet ICMB, 1959 First American
1954 First American nuclear powered submarine, 1957 Soviet
1947 Soviet swept wing jet fighter, American 1949
Nuclear warheads in 1970: US 4500, USSR, 850; 1972 5800, 2100
Space Race: Soviets: 1957 First satellite, 1961 First man in orbit,
1965 First Space walk.
Americans: First men to leave Earth’s orbit 1968, Moon landing 1969
Events: 1960 a U-2 spy plane is shot down over the Soviet Union
embarrassing Eisenhower and the US, (after which the US built
better spy planes and spy satellites)
After 1963 relations cooled with a surface test ban treaty
1974 and 1979 Strategic Arms Limitation treaties I and II
F-86 Sabre and MiG-15
First swept wing fighters
Ivy Mike, first ThermoNuclear Weapon
Apollo 8
First men to leave
Earth’s Orbit
Cold War Society
The New Population
• Directly after the war, many ethnic minorities
were displaced, main due to Hitler’s plans.
• Decolonization led to thousands of immigrants
into Europe, both of European and of colonial
decent.
• As a result of decolonization and a labor
shortage, by the 1960’s, there was a sizable
Muslim population in Europe.
Feminism
• Starting after World War II, women began
experiencing an increase in controlling their
own lives.
• There was a grown presence of married
women in the workforce.
• Women also began to organize their lives
according to childbearing.
Existentialism
• Existentialism became the “philosophy of Europe in
the twentieth century.”
• It was however divided by philosophers because of
conflicting ideals.
• It has also been called a continuation of the revolt
against reason.
• Major writers include Martin Heidegger, Karl Jasers,
Jean-Paul Sartre, and Albert Camus.
• Their books were often obscure and difficult to
understand.
• Their main goal was to question how reason,
technology, and politics caused war and genocide.
Environmentalism
• Beginning in the 1970’s, environmentalism began
to realize the effect of industry on planet.
• The Arab oil embargo of 1973-74 brought about
the realization that natural resources were
limited and could be controlled by hostile
countries.
• As a response, radical students formed the
German Green Movement.
• The German Greens became a political force that
addressed the issues of global warming, and the
pollution of water and air.
Art
• Two different forms of art existed after World War II:
Socialist realism and abstract art.
• The proponents of each were Tatjiana Yablonskaya and
Jackson Pollock respectively.
• Yablonskaya’s Bread is one of Stalin’s portrayals of a
prosperous socialist future.
• Pollock’s One implies the American cultural freedom.
• Art also took in the form of memorials specifically the
Nameless Library by Rachel Whiteread to
commemorate the 65,000 Austrian Jews who died
under the Nazi regime.
Christianity
• Postwar Roman Catholicism saw many changes
brought upon by Pope John XXIII.
• He summoned the 21st Ecumenical Council in 1959 and
finished their work in 1965 under Pope Paul VI.
• Their work has been compared to that of the Council of
Trent.
• The reforms they introduced were:
– Mass in the vernacular
– Encouraged freer relations with other Christian
denomination
– Fostered a new spirit toward Judaism
– Gave bishops more power
Computers
• The development of computers began in the United
States as a way to perform precise mathematic ballistic
calculations for new weapons.
• The first computer was called Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) in 1946.
• The 1950’s saw the development of transistors, making
large, bulky vacuum tubes obsolete and allowed for
small computers.
• The 1960’s saw the invention of the mouse (1964) and
the microchip.
• This made the computer more user-friendly.
European Union
• The first resemblance of the EU was the 1951 European Coal and
Steel Community which had France, West Germany, Italy, and the
Benelux countries of Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.
• The failure of the Suez Intervention of 1956 caused these 6 nations
to create the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957 through
the Treaty of Rome.
• These members of the Common Market pursued a goal of free
trade.
• In 1968, all tariffs between the 6 original members had been
abolished.
• Britain formed the European Free Trade area with Denmark,
Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Austria, and Switzerland in 1959.
• By 1961, Britain wanted to join the Common Market but was not
accepted until 1973 along with Ireland and Denmark.
• Eventually the EEC was renamed to the European Union.