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Rosid Clade, Part I Saxifragales, Geraniales, Malpighiales, Fabales, Rosales Saxifragaceae Crassulaceae Sedum laxum! (notice clonality) Diverse habits: Geraniaceae Habit: Herbs to subshrubs; stems jointed at nodes. Leaves: Variable – alternate-opposite, simple-lobed-dissectedcompound. Venation palmate. Flowers: Bisexual (usually), hypogynous, radial or bilateral. Often protandrous, but some highly selfing and weedy. - Perianth: Sepals and petals – usually 5 of each. - Androecium: Stamens usually 10-15, sometimes 5. Pollen grains tricolporate. - Gynoecium: Usually 5 connate carpels. Style 1, stigmas 5. Elongate, persistent, terminal sterile column! (see image of seeds dehiscing). Fruit: Schizocarp with 5 one-seeded segments around persistent column. Read about these and their evolutionary innovations in Judd! Pretty amazing dispersal mechanisms Outliers: Gestalt: Palmate leaves, lobed to dissected; flower parts in 5s, one style with 5 stigmas. Fruits elongate with beak.Hairs often gland-headed and with ethereal oils. Geraniaceae fruits – not quite mature on left, and dehiscing on right. Note that these seeds (5 per flower) are one of the things that you are probably finding poling you in the field during lab, and stuck to your clothing when you get home… very pointy, sharp seeds with a corkscrewed attachment. Also notice, in the photo on the right, the persistent sterile column in the center of these five seeds. You can easily find these in the field as well if you look - or ask Jer or I to find one for you. Violaceae Habit: All in N. America are herbs. Leaves: Simple, sometimes lobed. Margin entire to serrate. Flowers: Usually bisexual, bilateral. - Perianth: Sepals and petals – 5 of each. Abaxial (anterior) petal sometimes spurred, and holding a nectar reward for pollinators. - Androecium: Usually of 5 stamens, filaments short and anthers connate – forming a ring around the styles. This connation of anthers is very noticeable if you tear a flower off to look – do this! - Gynoecium: Usually 3 connate carpels, ovary superior. Style 1, often curved, hooked, or otherwise modified. Stigma usually expanded. Fruit: Usually a loculicidal capsule, seeds often arillate. Outliers: Sometimes shrubs or small trees. Sometimes less obviously bilateral flowers. Gestalt: Bilateral flowers, simple leaves with palmate venation; connate anthers on short filaments. Pretty easy to get a gestalt for the flowers on these – perhaps you already have one? Other cool stuff: Cleistogamous flowers! (see below) Violaceae habit: Cleistogamous flowers (Violaceae). Cleistogamous flowers are flowers that remain in bud (never opening), and set seed via self-pollination. The photo above shows cleistogamous flowers on a Viola; this is one of two genera in this family that has cleistogamous flowers. Cleistogamous flowers are usually found near the base of the plant, hidden under leaves, but sometimes these flowers are underground! Fabaceae Habit: Herbs, shrubs, vines, trees. Leaves: Usually alternate; usually compound or twicecompound, sometimes trifoliate. Stipules inconspicuous to leaflike. Flowers: Usually bisexual, radial to bilateral*. (* subfamily Mimosoideae has radial flowers; others are bilateral). - Perianth: Sepals and petals, usually 5 of each. Sepals usually connate; petals distinct or connate, forming banner (1 petal), wings (one petal each, so 2 total for the wings) and keel (2 fused petals). See photo below, and also experiment with the lupines in the field. - Androecium: Usually 10 stamens, hidden by perianth to long-exserted; can be showy (Mimosa). Filaments distinct to connate. Pollen grains vary (triocolpate, tricolporate, triporate). - Gynoecium: Usually 1 carpel; ovary superior; style and stigma 1. Fruit: Variable, but usually a legume. Outliers: Spines (modified stipules, as with Acacia), sometimes 2-16 carpels; unifoliate; sometimes radial flowers / inflorescences (as with Mimosa and Acacia, for example). Gestalt: Compound leaves (and twice-compound), bilateral flowers. Other cool things: Notice the sleep behavior of the leaves – leaves and leaflets fold along axes in the evening, or in some (like the Mimosa on display in the lab) they will fold together when touched. There are 3 subfamilies of Fabaceae: I am not going to ask you to distinguish between these, but I would like you to be able to recognize that a plant within any of these groups is in the Fabaceae – Mimosoideae (includes Acacia and Mimosa) – “Caesalpinioideae” (includes redbuds) – Faboideae (includes peas, beans, and clovers) Fabaceae: Mimosoideae Mimosa sp. – notice twice-pinnately-compound leaves. Inflorescence of Mimosa sp.: this is a dense head of flowers which open roughly simultaneously; corollas are radial in symmetry, and individually not very showy. Stamens are the showy part of these inflorescences. Leaves usually twice-pinnately compound. Mimosa sp. fruit – quite pea-like! Fabaceae: "Caesalpinioideae" Flowers usually bilateral, some radial. Leaves usually pinnately compound or twice-pinnately compound. Fabaceae: Papilionideae Includes most peas, clovers, wisteria, lupines, Astragalus… notice the familiar habit below: Focus below on the details of individual flowers: note the bilateral symmetry, as well as the banner (composed of one petal, and serving as a visual attractant to pollinators), the wings (each wing composed of one petal – there are two wings, so two wing-petals; sometimes these are partially fused to each other), and the keel (tucked within the wings, and enclosing the stamens and style – this is composed of two fused petals). Rosaceae Habit: Herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes with thorns. Leaves: Usually alternate, simple to often palmately or pinnately compound. Stipules usually present. Flowers: Usually bisexual, and usually radial. Hypanthium present, but variable in shape. Perianth: Of sepals and petals, usually 5 of each. petals often clawed. Horticultural varieties with more than 5 petals! Androecium: Usually numerous stamens (15-∞), but sometimes 10 or fewer. Pollen tricolporate. Gynoecium: 1-many carpels, distinct or connate. Ovary superior – inferior; styles same in number as carpels. Fruit: Variable! Note that many of our fruits (and nuts) are from this family: apples, strawberry, peaches, blackberry, almonds, etc… Outliers: Flowers sometimes unisexual (plants monoecious or dioecious). Flowers without corolla. Stamens not numerous. Gestalt: Petals/sepals in 5s; numerous stamens. Look for a hypanthium to distinguish from Ranunculaceae! Leaves are quite variable in this family, but sometimes the presence of stipules can help decide if a plant should be in Rosaceae (which has stipules) or Saxifragaceae (which does not). Rosaceae – notice hypanthium: Ranunculaceae – no hypanthium: Just to give you a sense of that this family can be highly variable in overall habit: this is an Aruncus sp., also in Rosaceae: Rhamnaceae Habit: Trees, shrubs, sometimes with thorns. Leaves: Alternate (occasionally opposite), simple, prominent primary and secondary venation. Flowers: Usually bisexual, small, with hypanthium. Radial. Perianth: Sepals and petals, usually 5 of each. Petals usually clawed, concave and hooded – enclosing anther at time of flowering. Petals often greenish. Nectariferous disk surrounding the ovary! Androecium: Of 5 stamens, opposite petals. Filaments adnate to base of petals. Gynoecium: Usually of 2-3 connate carpels; style 1; stigmas capitate and equal in number to carpels. Ovary superior to inferior. Fruit: Dehiscent to indehiscent drupe. Outliers: Sometimes flower parts in 4. Sometimes apetalous.l Gestalt: Stamens opposite petals; flowers small and clustered in axillary corymbs, with clawed petals. Primary and secondary venation of leaves prominent. Nectariferous disk surrounding the ovary. Most common genus around here is Ceanothus: Closer look at the flowers – notice the petals are hooded and enclosing the anthers. And closer yet (now a different genus): Notice flowers with clawed petals, and nectariferous disk surrounding ovary - Leaves with prominent primary and secondary venation: