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By Tracey Burns
Holocaust… What does it mean?
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"Holocaust" is a word of
Greek origin meaning
"sacrifice by fire."
• The Holocaust was the
systematic, bureaucratic, state
sponsored persecution and
murder of approximately six
million Jews by the Nazi’s.
• The Nazis believed that
Germans were "racially
superior" and that the Jews,
deemed "inferior," were "life
unworthy of life."
• During the era of the Holocaust, the Nazis also
targeted other groups because of their perceived
"racial inferiority": Roma (Gypsies), the
handicapped, and some of the Slavic peoples
(Poles, Russians, and others).
• Other groups were persecuted on political and
behavioral grounds, among them Communists,
Socialists, Jehovah's Witnesses, and
homosexuals.
Holocaust Vocabulary
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Allies – nations that joined the war again Nazi Germany
Antisemitism – prejudice towards the Jews
Auschwitz – largest Nazi concentration camp
Axis – nations that joined forces with Germany
Concentration camps – prison camps built to hold Jews, gypsies, and anyone racially undesirable
Death marches – a forced march with brutal treatment by the SS
Extermination camp – camps that were equipped with gassing facilities and crematoria for the
mass murder of Jews.
Final Solution – code words used by Nazi’s referring to the destruction of the Jewish people in
Europe
Genocide – liquidation of a people
Gestapo – the secret State Police of the Third Reich
Ghettos – sections of towns in which Jews were forced to live
Hitler, Alolf – Leader of the Third Reich, Chancellor of Germany from 1933-1945
Kristallnacht – “Night of Broken Glass”
Swastika – Nazi insignia
** Students will be responsible for the vocabulary
Timeline of Important Events
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January 1933
March 1933
August 1936
July 1937
March 1938
November 1938
Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany
1st concentration camp at Dachau established
Olympics in Berlin – all Anti-Semitic signs removed
Buchenwald camp established
Austria annexed by Germany
Kristallnacht “Night of Broken Glass”
2 days later – government requires Jews to repay all damages
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March 1939
June 1939
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August 1939
September 1939
Spring 1940
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May 1940
Germany invades Czechoslovakia
United States refuses Jewish refugees aboard S.S.
St. Louis
Soviet German Non-aggression Pact signed
German army invades Poland – WWII begins
Germany invades Denmark, Norway, Belgium,
Luxembourg, Netherlands and France
Auschwitz camp opens
Timeline cont.
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March/April 1940
June 1941
October 1941
December 1941
Early 1942
June 1942
March 1944
June 1944
July 1944
October 1944
January 1945
April 1945
May 1945
November 1945
Germany invades North Africa, Yugoslavia & Greece
Germany invades Soviet Union
Birkenau added to Auschwitz
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
Germany declares war on U.S.
mass murder of Jews in gas chambers begins
Treblinka death camp opens
Germany invades Hungary
Allied Powers invade Normandy
Soviet army liberates death camp at Maidanek
Rebellion at Auschwitz
Soviets liberate Auschwitz, Buchanwald and Dachau
Hitler commits suicide
Germany surrenders
war crimes at Nuremberg
Holocaust Pictures
http://baby.indstate.edu/gga/gga_cart/gecar127.htm
Bergen-Belsen Camp
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Located near Hannover, Germany.
The original plan was for Bergen-Belsen to
be a model “camp” where the Red Cross
and other international aid organizations
could examine the prisoners. That soon
changed.
It started in 1943 as a concentration camp.
The people were brought in from other
camps, such as Auschwitz, Piotrkow, and
Neuengamme.
Jewish women from Neusalz were brought
there by train in 1945.
Anne Frank and her sister, Margot, died
here.
Corpses were burned in a crematoria oven.
In total, one thousand and seven people
were killed there.
The camp was liberated on April 15, 1945 by
the British forces
After the liberation in April, about five
thousand more people died from weakness
and exhaustion.
In September 1945, forty-eight members of
the Bergen-Belsen staff were tried.
In December, eleven of them were
executed.
Liberation of the Camps
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As Allied troops moved across Europe, they
began to encounter concentration camp
prisoners.
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Soviet forces were the first to approach a major
Nazi camp, Majdanek, in July 1944.
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In the summer of 1944, the Soviets also overran
the sites of the Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka
extermination camps.
The Soviets liberated Auschwitz, the largest
extermination and concentration camp, in
January 1945.
There was evidence of mass murder in
Auschwitz. The Germans had destroyed most of
the warehouses, but in the remaining ones the
Soviets found personal belongings of the
victims. They discovered hundreds of
thousands of men's suits, more than 800,000
women's outfits, and more than 14,000 pounds
of human hair.
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In the following months, the Soviets liberated
additional camps in the Baltic states and in
Poland
Nuremberg Trials
• The trials began on November 20, 1945.
• The trials were conducted by a military court in the US, England,
SU, France, and at Nuremberg, Germany.
• Three out of the twenty-two were found “not guilty.”
• The trials ended after eleven months on October 1,1946.
References
Ayer, Eleanor H. and Stephen D. Chicoine. Holocaust From the Ashes. Woodbridge: Blackbirch
Press, Inc.,1986.
Ayer, Eleanor H. Holocaust: Inferno. Woodbridge: Blackbirch Press, Inc., 1998
Botwinick, Rita Steinhart. A History of the Holocaust: From Ideology to Annihilation. Upper
Saddle River: Pearson Education Inc., 2004,2001,1996
Bachrach, Susan D. Tell Them We Remember: The History of The Holocaust. Canada: Little,
Brown, and Company, 1994
Berenbaum, Michael. The World Must Know. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1993.
http://history1900s.about.com/library/holocaust/blcampsbergen.htm
“ About the Project.” Nuremberg Trials Project. 2003.
http://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/php/docs_swi.php?DI=1&text=overview
Schlater,P.and M. Mora. “Overview of the Trials.” The Nuremberg Trials.December 4, 2000.
http://www.fatherryan.org/holocaust/nuremburg/NurembergINDEX.htm.
Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of Southern Florida.
“Photos: The Nuremberg Trials.” A Teacher’s Guide to the Holocaust. 2005.
http://fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/resource/gallery/N1945.htm#14465.
Holocaust Memorial Museum.“Einsatzgruppen.” Holocaust
Encyclopedia.http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005130